Table 3. Comparison between SJL and non-SJL groups.

SJL: social jetlag; WD: workday; FD: free day; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; DM: diabetes mellitus; SD: standard deviation

Covariate	Level		No SJL: SJL of <1 hour (n=208)	SJL of ≥1 to <2 hours (n=111)	SJL of ≥2 hours (n=181)	Parametric p-value
Gender	Male	96 (37.65)		65 (25.49)	94 (36.86)	0.125
	Female	108 (45)		45 (18.75)	87 (36.25)
Group	Controlled DM	92 (43.6)		44 (20.85)	75 (35.55)	0.69
	Uncontrolled DM	85 (39.53)		47 (21.86)	83 (38.6)
Regular work	Yes	97 (31.7)		72 (23.53)	137 (44.77)	<0.001
	No	109 (56.77)		39 (20.31)	44 (22.92)
Worked day	≤5 days	153 (38.35)		85 (21.3)	161 (40.35)	0.107
	>5 days	15 (46.88)		10 (31.25)	7 (21.88)
Alarm clock (WD)	Yes	85 (29.21)		64 (21.99)	142 (48.8)	<0.001
	No	123 (58.85)		47 (22.49)	39 (18.66)
I wake up before the alarm (WD)	Yes	51 (42.86)		25 (21.01)	43 (36.13)	<0.001
	No	41 (22.16)		41 (22.16)	103 (55.68)
Alarm clock (FD)	Yes	54 (42.19)		23 (17.97)	51 (39.84)	0.354
	No	150 (40.76)		88 (23.91)	130 (35.33)
I freely choose my sleep time (FD)	Yes	45 (29.8)		36 (23.84)	70 (46.36)	0.002
	No	155 (46.41)		70 (20.96)	109 (32.63)
I had shift work in the last 3 months	Yes	5 (20.83)		6 (25)	13 (54.17)	0.729
	No	75 (28.41)		61 (23.11)	128 (48.48)
Flexibility of my work	Very flexible	25 (28.09)		21 (23.6)	43 (48.31)	0.18
	Little flexible	35 (33.98)		23 (22.33)	45 (43.69)
	Rather flexible	11 (18.97)		13 (22.41)	34 (58.62)
	Not very flexible	2 (12.5)		2 (12.5)	12 (75)
I travel to work in	Vehicles	66 (25.98)		55 (21.65)	133 (52.36)	0.003
	Foot/bike, etc.	6 (37.5)		4 (25)	6 (37.5)
	I work from home	12 (42.86)		12 (42.86)	4 (14.29)
Smoking	Yes	15 (39.47)		10 (26.32)	13 (34.21)	0.876
	No	70 (35.71)		51 (26.02)	75 (38.27)
Coffee	<4 cups	130 (43.62)		66 (22.15)	102 (34.23)	0.237
	≥4 cups	66 (36.07)		43 (23.5)	74 (40.44)
Coffee frequency	Daily	88 (41.12)		53 (24.77)	73 (34.11)	0.349
	Weekly	21 (47.73)		6 (13.64)	17 (38.64)
	Monthly	3 (50)		0 (0)	3 (50)
Black tea	Yes	158 (40.1)		87 (22.08)	149 (37.82)	0.375
	No	34 (45.33)		19 (25.33)	22 (29.33)
Caffeinated drinks	Yes	42 (30.43)		27 (19.57)	69 (50)	<0.001
	No	102 (45.95)		55 (24.77)	65 (29.28)
Sleep medications	Yes	7 (53.85)		1 (7.69)	5 (38.46)	0.324
	No	117 (38.61)		75 (24.75)	111 (36.63)
Age, years	N	206		109	180	<0.001
	Mean	50.21		47.79	44.29
	SD	11.06		10.82	13.55
Height, cm	N	84		58	106	0.005
	Mean	161.17		166.41	164.12
	SD	9.2		10.22	9.53
Weight, kg	N	90		59	106	0.158
	Mean	82.4		82.12	87.28
	SD	21.77		17.44	20.7
BMI, kg/m2	N	83		58	106	0.058
	Mean	31.56		29.68	32.36
	SD	7.54		5.64	6.93
HbA1c, %	N	177		91	158	0.569
	Mean	7.98		7.82	8.09
	SD	2.01		1.79	1.87
Working time hours	N	53		43	95	0.538
	Mean	6.44		6.49	6.82
	SD	2.31		1.47	2.4
Outdoor weekdays	N	208		111	181	0.747
	Mean	20.93		23.48	24.81
	SD	45.72		33.93	63.25
Outdoor free days	N	208		111	181	0.571
	Mean	24.34		29.28	29.81
	SD	60.97		44.62	53.48
Reaching work time	N	208		110	181	<0.001
	Mean	9.16		16.06	19.05
	SD	17.88		21.43	17.39
Reaching home time	N	208		110	181	<0.001
	Mean	9.36		16.15	20.43
	SD	17.9		20.74	19.17