Table 1.
Motoric cognitive risk syndromes (MCRs) prevalence and characteristics in 16 different studies
| No. | Study | Year | Country/Cohort | Number of patients | Sex, women (%) | Education (y) | High school (%) | Mean age (y) | Mean follow-up (y) | Mean gait speed (cm/s) | MCR prevalence (%) | MCR risk factors | Dementia conversion rate (aHR) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With MCR | Without MCR | |||||||||||||
| 1 | Verghese et al.21) | 2013 | USA/EAS | 767 | 60 | 14 | - | 79.8 (≥70) | 3.6 | 59.5 | 96.9 | 6 | Black ethnicity, less education, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis | All: 3.27 |
| Vascular: 12.81 | ||||||||||||||
| 2 | Verghese et al.23,24) | 2014 | 17 countries/22 cohorts | 26802 | 55.7 | 7 | - | 71.6 (≥60) | 5.1–9.3 | 47.8 | 95.8 | 9.7 | Age, CVD, Hypertension, diabetes, stroke, depression, arthritis | All: 1.93 |
| 3 | Doi et al.25) | 2015 | Japan/NCGG-SGS | 9683 | 52 | 9 | 11.8 | 73.6 (≥65) | NA | 80 | 117 | 6.4 | Age, less education, diabetes, obesity, sedentariness, depression | NA |
| 4 | Kumai et al.26) | 2016 | Japan/Kurihara Project | 513 | 61 | 9 | - | 79.8 (≥75) | 2020-03-05 | 80 | 120 | 11.1 | Low education | All: 1.38 |
| 5 | Wang et al.27) | 2016 | India/KES | 139 | 33.1 | 8.9 | - | 66.6 (≥60) | NA | 61.9 | 91 | 27.3 | None | NA |
| 6 | Allali et al.29) | 2016 | USA/CCMA | 314 | 56 | 14.2 | - | 76.9 (≥65) | NA | 66.1 | 103.8 | 8 | Obesity, sedentariness | NA |
| 7 | Doi et al.30) | 2017 | Japan/OSHPE | 4235 | 50 | 11.4 | - | 72.0 (≥65) | 2.6 | 87 | 123 | 6.3 | Less education, diabetes, obesity, sedentariness, depression, CVD | All: 2.49 |
| 8 | Beauchet et al.28) | 2016 | France/GAIT | 238 | 37.4 | - | 40 | 71.4 (≥65) | NA | 80.2 | 114.7 | 16.8 | Waist-Hip ratio, hypertension, diabetes | NA |
| Sekhon et al.31) | 2017 | |||||||||||||
| Beauchet et al.32) | 2018 | |||||||||||||
| 9 | Maguire et al.33) | 2018 | Ireland/TILDA | 2151 | 55.6 | - | 79 | 67.8 (≥60) | NA | 99.9 | 132.8 | 2.56 | Hypertension, poor vision, obesity, diabetes, CVD, stroke | NA |
| 10 | Chhetri et al.33) | 2020 | China/BLSA II | 4632 | 61 | - | 61 | 75.4 (≥55) | NA | 41 | NA | 9.6 | Age, CVD, stroke, diabetes, depression, smoking | NA |
| 11 | Aguilar-Navarro et al.35) | 2019 | Mexico/MHAS | 726 | 54 | 5.35 | - | 69.8 (≥60) | 2.9 | NA | NA | 14.3 | Age, less education, multiple comorbidities, diabetes, depression | Cognitive impairment: 2.46 |
| 12 | Lau et al.36) | 2019 | Malaysia/TUA | 1366 | 51 | 5.04 | - | 68.5 (≥60) | NA | NA | NA | 3.4 | Age, women, rural areas, obesity, diabetes, CVD, cancer | NA |
| 13 | Beauchet et al.37,39) | 2019 | France/EPIDOS | 5958 | 100 | - | 70 | 80.2 (≥75) | 7 | 60 | 90 | 9.9 | Age, less education, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, CVD, stroke depression, sedentariness | All: 2.18 |
| Beauchet et al.38) | 2020 | AD: 2.23 | ||||||||||||
| 14 | Sekhon et al.40,41) | 2019 | Canada/CLSA | 29569 | 50.9 | - | 95.7 | 62.9 (≥45) | NA | NA | NA | 7 | Younger age, women in some age groups, hypertension, obesitya) , diabetes, CVD, depression, anxiety | NA |
| 15 | Verghese et al.42) | 2019 | USA/EAS, MAP, ROS | 4597 | 70 | 14.8 | - | 62.9–98.7 (≥60) | 2.9 | 42.4 | NA | 13.3 | NA | NA |
| EAS ≥70 | ||||||||||||||
| 16 | Shim et al.43) | 2020 | Korea/KFACS | 2881 | 52 | - | 56.3 | 75.9 (≥70) | NA | 75 | 114 | 8.02 | less education, sedentariness, hypertension, diabetes | NA |
EAS, Einstein Aging Study; NCGG-SGS, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology – Study of Geriatric Syndromes; KES, Kerala-Einstein study; CCMA, Central Control of Mobility in Aging; OSHPE, Obu Study of Health Promotion for the Elderly; GAIT, Gait and Alzheimer Interactions Tracking; TILDA, The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging; BLSA-II, Beijing Longitudinal Study of Ageing II; MHAS, Mexican Health and Aging Study; TUA, Towards Useful Aging; EPIDOS, Epidemiologie de l’Osteoporose; CLSA, Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging; MAP, Rush Memory and Aging project; ROS, Religious Order Study; KFACS, The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study; CVD, cardiovascular disease; NA, not applicable; AD, Alzheimer's disease; BMI, body mass index; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio.
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2.