Table 2.
Frailty measures for electronic health records
| Author (y) | Database/population (study year) | Outcomes | Predictors | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Development | Validation | ||||
| Clinical knowledge-driven selection | Clegg et al.35) (2016) | Primary care EHR database (UK) | Not applicable | Mortality | Proportion of 36 health deficits present based on Read codes (codes for diagnosis, procedure, disability, and social circumstances) and polypharmacy |
| - ResearchOne database (2008–2016)35,70,75) | Hospitalization | ||||
| - THIN database (2008–2013)35,73) | NH admission | ||||
| - CPRD database (2001–2009)71,72 | Fracture | ||||
| Primary care EHR database, Australia | Frailty phenotype | ||||
| - A primary care clinic59) | |||||
| Lekan et al.65) (2017) | A tertiary-care hospital EHR database (USA) | Not applicable | Mortality | Includes 16 biopsychosocial factors including 4 laboratory tests | |
| - Inpatients (2010–2011)65,66) | Readmission | ||||
| SNF stay | |||||
| Anzaldi et al.67) (2017) | A regional health system EHR database (USA) | Not applicable | Geriatric syndromes identified using diagnosis codes and text phrases | Mention of “frailty” in clinical notes | |
| - Medicare ACO enrollees (2011–2013)67) | |||||
| Pajewski et al.68) (2019) | A regional health system EHR database (USA) | Not applicable | Mortality | Includes 54 health deficits based on diagnosis codes, smoking status, vital signs, laboratory tests, and functional status | |
| - Medicare ACO enrollees (2014–2016)68) | Falls | ||||
| Health care utilization | |||||
| Data-driven selection without a reference standard | Shao et al.69) (2017) | VA EHR database (USA) | Topics generated from clinical notes | Mortality | Includes 53 topics generated from clinical notes |
| - Heart failure patients (2010)69) | Hospitalization | ||||
ACO, accountable care organization; CPRD, Clinical Practice Research Datalink; EHR, electronic health records; NH, nursing home; SNF, skilled nursing facility; THIN, The Health Improvement Network; VA, Veterans Affairs.