Table 4. Demographic, and treatment related correlates for substitution pattern among heroin users, when illicit, non-prescribed methadone substitution (N = 351) is used as the reference category.

Substitution for:	Oral prescription opioids and transdermal fentanyl	Cocaine	Cannabis	All other substitutionsa
Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Parameter (Reference category)
Age at interview	1.00 (0.97–1.04)	1.01 (0.98–1.05)	1.00 (0.95–1.05)	0.99 (0.96–1.03)
Age at onset of drug use	0.90 (0.84–0.98)*	0.99 (0.93–1.05)	0.99 (0.92–1.08)	0.98 (0.92–1.04)
OMTb patient (ref: in-patient/dual-diagnosis)	1.54 (0.71–3.38)	0.44 (0.20–0.98)*	1.14 (0.39–3.31)	0.41 (0.20–0.58)*
Sex - Female (ref: male)	1.17 (0.26–5.30)	2.49 (0.68–9.08)	1.38 (0.24–7.81)	1.33 (0.33–5.31)
Population group - Arab (ref: Jewish)	0.63 (0.26–1.54)	3.62 (0.97–13.53)	1.87 (0.47–7.49)	1.39 (0.57–3.42)
First time in treatment	0.55 (0.24–1.26)	0.56 (0.24–1.29)	0.81 (0.29–2.24)	0.60 (0.28–1.29)
<High school education	0.30 (0.15–0.62)*	0.38 (0.18–0.77)*	0.54 (0.23–1.26)	0.40 (0.21–0.76)*
Marital status –not marriedc (ref: married)	1.01 (0.45–2.25)	0.91 (0.41–1.99)	0.94 (0.36–2.49)	0.87 (0.42–1.78)

Notes.

^*p ≤ 0.05.

^aSee Fig. 2 for substitution frequencies.

^bOpioid Maintenance Treatment.

^cSingle/divorced/widowed/separated.