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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020 May 18;212:108064. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108064

Table 3.

Associations between Covariates and Frequent Marijuana Use among U.S. 12th Grade Lifetime Marijuana Users: 2015–2019 versus 1989–1993

2015–2019 (n = 28,188) 1989–1993 (n = 29,875) Comparison
%a AORb (95% CI) p % AOR (95% CI) p pc
Sex
 Female 9.2 (ref) 3.5 (ref)
 Male 18.2 1.72 (1.54, 1.91) <0.001 8.2 1.76 (1.49, 2.07) <0.001 0.824
Race/ethnicity
 White 13.7 (ref) 6.3 (ref)
 Black 16.4 1.33 (1.13, 1.56) 0.001 3.5 0.55 (0.41, 0.75) <0.001 <0.001
 Hispanic 11.2 0.71 (0.60, 0.84) <0.001 5.3 0.95 (0.74, 1.22) 0.668 0.058
 Other 14.8 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) 0.510 7.3 1.11 (0.88, 1.41) 0.368 0.667
Average parental education
 No college degree 14.8 (ref) 5.9 (ref)
 College degree 12.4 0.89 (0.81, 0.98) 0.015 6.2 1.15 (1.00, 1.31) 0.043 0.002
Number of parents in household
 Less than 2 17.0 (ref) 6.9 (ref)
 Two 11.4 0.71 (0.64, 0.78) <0.001 5.6 0.84 (0.73, 0.97) 0.017 0.045
Religious commitment
 Low 16.5 1.89 (1.61, 2.23) <0.001 7.9 1.78 (1.42, 2.23) <0.001 0.662
 Medium 12.0 1.37 (1.16, 1.62) <0.001 5.3 1.44 (1.15, 1.81) 0.002 0.740
 High 7.9 (ref) 2.8 (ref)
4-Year college plans
 Other 17.8 (ref) 7.6 (ref)
 Definitely plan to graduate 10.1 0.68 (0.60, 0.76) <0.001 3.8 0.58 (0.50, 0.68) <0.001 0.125
Average grades
 Less than B 19.1 (ref) 7.4 (ref)
 B or higher 11.1 0.75 (0.68, 0.84) <0.001 4.5 0.86 (0.75, 0.75) 0.028 0.116
Weekly work during school year
 No hours 12.5 (ref) 6.2 (ref)
 Any hours 14.2 0.74 (0.65, 0.83) <0.001 6.0 0.68 (0.55, 0.82) <0.001 0.479
Weekly income from job and other sources (average)
 In $10s 1.04 (1.04, 1.05) <0.001 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) <0.001 0.002
Evenings out during week
 0 to 2 9.5 (ref) 2.9 (ref)
 3 or more 19.1 1.97 (1.78, 2.17) <0.001 8.1 2.22 (1.87, 2.63) <0.001 0.215
Past 4-week truancy
 No skipping 10.4 (ref) 4.1 (ref)
 Any skipping 18.4 1.64 (1.49, 1.81) <0.001 8.7 1.57 (1.37, 1.80) <0.001 0.604
Perceive great risk in regular marijuana use
 No 15.2 12.8
 Yes 5.8 0.43 (0.35, 0.53) <0.001 1.7 0.15 (0.12, 0.18) <0.001 <0.001
Population density
 Large MSA 13.6 (ref) 5.9 (ref)
 Other MSA 13.1 0.91 (0.77, 1.07) 0.254 5.9 1.07 (0.88, 1.29) 0.493 0.210
 Non-MSA 15.0 1.06 (0.88, 1.28) 0.540 6.4 1.16 (0.92, 1.47) 0.209 0.549
Region
 Northeast 14.4 1.15 (0.96, 1.37) 0.131 6.6 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) 0.929 0.304
 Midwest 13.6 1.04 (0.86, 1.27) 0.673 6.0 0.95 (0.75, 1.20) 0.664 0.545
 South 12.5 (ref) 5.4 (ref)
 West 14.9 1.19 (0.88, 1.60) 0.256 6.4 0.88 (0.65, 1.19) 0.418 0.164
Legalization stated
 No 13.0 (ref) 5.6 (ref)
 Yes 15.0 1.10 (0.87, 1.38) 0.426 6.9 1.29 (1.00, 1.66) 0.048 0.351

Notes: ns provided are unweighted. Frequent marijuana use defined as use on 20+ occasions in the past 30 days.

a

% = Weighted unadjusted percentage of respondents reporting frequent marijuana use in each subgroup; i.e., 9.2% of female lifetime marijuana users reported frequent past 30-day marijuana use during 2015–19.

b

AOR = adjusted odds ratios from models run separately for each 5-year subgroup simultaneously including all covariates shown as well as year (using dummy indicators).

c

Comparison p-values from the interaction terms of group (0=1989–93, 1=2015–19) and each covariate from a single multivariable model including cases from both 5-year subgroups, simultaneously including direct effects of group, all covariates, and interaction terms.

d

Defined as states with policy legalizing recreational marijuana use for individuals age 21 as of August 2019. Includes the following states: CA, CO, DC, IL, MA, ME, MI, NV, OR, VT, WA (because the MTF survey is not administered in Alaska, it is not included in this list).