Table I.
Indian studies on community-acquired pneumonia highlighting the geographical distribution, aetiology and diagnostic tests
| Author | Site | Period | Number | Age | Methods | Pathogens (%) | Overall diagnostic yield (%) | Mortality (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Para et al8 | Kashmir | 2013-2015 | 225 | All adults | Blood culture Sputum culture Antigen detection Viral PCR |
Streptococcus pneumoniae (30.5) Legionella (17.5) Mycoplasma (7.2) Chlamydia pneumophila (5.5) Staphylococcus aureus (5.2) Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.8) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (4.8) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.1) Influenza viruses (15.4) |
72 | 8 |
| Nagesh Kumar et al9 | Bengaluru | 2012-2014 | 122 | All adults | Sputum culture Blood culture Immunofluorescence for IgM antibody against atypical bacterial and viruses (Pneumoslide-M assay) |
S. pneumoniae (15.6) K. pneumoniae (8.2) Mycoplasma pneumoniae (7.4) Legionella (5.7) Haemophilus influenzae (6.6) S. aureus (3.3) P. aeruginosa (3.3) |
60.7 | 8.2 |
| Bin et al10 | Bijapur | 2008-2010 | 50 | Adults ≥65 yr |
Sputum culture |
S. pneumoniae (16) K. pneumoniae (6) H. influenzae (4) P. aeruginosa (4) S. aureus (2) |
32 | 16 |
| Shah et al11 | Kashmir | 1998-2000 | 100 | All adults | Sputum culture Blood culture Transthoracic needle aspiration |
P. aeruginosa (9) S. aureus (6) Escherichia coli (5) K. pneumoniae (3) S. pneumoniae (1) |
29 | 14 |
| Dagaonkar et al6 | Mumbai | NR | 100 | All adults | Sputum culture Blood culture Urinary antigen Serology for atypical bacteria |
S. pneumoniae (23) Chlamydia (11) H. influenzae (9) Moraxella (6) Mycoplasma (5) Legionella (3) Klebsiella (3) P. aeruginosa (2) |
58 | 9 |
| Chaudhry et al12* | Delhi | 2011-2014 | 453 | Adults and children | Any respiratory specimen Legionella and Mycoplasma culture Urinary antigen Serology PCR |
M. pneumoniae (25.6) Legionella (27.2) |
NR | NR |
| Prasad and Bhat13 | Mangalore | NR | 165 | All adults | Sputum, BAL, other respiratory culture |
K. pneumoniae (29) P. aeruginosa (18.1) S. pneumoniae (13.1) H. influenzae (4.8) |
48 | 2.4 |
| Sharma et al14 | Pune | 2010-2012 | 85 | All adults | Sputum cultures |
K. pneumoniae (21.7) S. aureus (15.2) S. pneumoniae (12.9) |
NR | |
| Acharya et al15 | Mangalore | NR | 100 | All adults | Sputum cultures |
S. pneumoniae (31) P. aeruginosa (15) K. pneumoniae (13) S. aureus (8) Moraxella (8) E. coli (8) H. influenzae (5) |
39 | NR |
| Menon et al16 | Cochin | 2009 | 145 | All adults | Sputum cultures |
S. pneumoniae (32.4) K. pneumoniae (20) P. aeruginosa (8.9) E. coli (6.2) |
76 | NR |
*Tests done only for atypical bacterial pathogens. NR, not reported; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage