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. 2020 May 14;6(6):e000379. doi: 10.1099/mgen.0.000379

Table 2.

Comparison of essential metabolic pathways among Cryptosporidium species and other common apicomplexan parasites

Category

Metabolic pathway

Cpar

Chom

Cmel

Cchi

Cubi

Cbov

Crya

Cbai

Cand

Pfal

Tgon

Carbohydrate and energy metabolism

Glycolysis

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Methylcitrate cycle

+

TCA cycle

+

+

+

Pentose phosphate pathway

+

+

Shikimate biosynthesis

+

+

Folate biosynthesis

+

+

Synthesis of pterin

+

Galactose metabolism

+

Synthesis of starch

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Synthesis of trehalose

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Synthesis of 1,3-beta-glucan

+

Conversion between UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Conversion between GDP-Man and GDP-Fuc

+

+

Conversion from UDP-Glc to UDP-GlcA to UDP-Xyl

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Synthesis of mannitol from fructose

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Fatty acid biosynthesis in cytosol (FAS I)

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Fatty acid biosynthesis in apicoplast (FAS II)

+

+

Fatty acid degradation

+

Oxidative phosphorylation (NADH dehydrogenase)

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Oxidative phosphorylation (Complex II)

+

+

+

Oxidative phosphorylation (Complex III)

one sub

+

+

Oxidative phosphorylation (Complex IV)

+

+

F-ATPase

two sub

two sub

two sub

two sub

two sub

two sub

+

+

+

Alternative oxidase (AOX)

+

+

+

+

+

Glyoxalase metabolism producing d-lactate

+

+

Synthesis of isoprene (MEP/DOXP)

+

+

Synthesis of farnesyl/polyprenyl diphosphate

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Nucleotide metabolism

Synthesis of purine rings de novo

Conversion from IMP to XMP

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Conversion from XMP to GMP

+

+

+

+

+

Synthesis of pyrimidine de novo

+

+

Conversion from uracil to UMP

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Conversion from dCMP to dUMP

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Amino acid metabolism

Synthesis of alanine from pyruvate

+

Synthesis of glutamate from nitrite/nitrate

+

+

Conversion from glutamate to glutamine

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Synthesis of aspartate from oxaloacetate and glutamate

+

+

Conversion from aspartate to asparagine

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Conversion from glutamate to proline

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Synthesis of serine from glycerate/glycerol phosphate

+

Conversion from serine to cysteine

+

Conversion from serine to glycine

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Recycle homocysteine into methionine

+

+

Synthesis of lysine from aspartate

+

Synthesis of threonine from aspartate

+

Synthesis of ornithine from arginine

+

Synthesis of ornithine from proline

+

+

Synthesis of polyamine from ornithine

+

Polyamine pathway backward

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Degradation of branched-chain amino acids

+

Synthesis of tryptophan

+

+

+

+

Aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAH)

+

Vitamins and others

Synthesis of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Synthesis of Fe-S cluster

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Synthesis of haem

+

+

Synthesis of thiamine (vitamin B1)

+

Conversion from thiamine to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

+

+

Synthesis of FMN/FAD from riboflavin

+

+

Synthesis of pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) de novo

+

+

Synthesis of NAD(P)+ de novo from nicotinate/nicotinamide

+

+

Synthesis of pantothenate from valine

+

Synthesis of CoA from pantothenate

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Synthesis of lipoic acid de novo in apicoplast

+

+

Salvage of lipoic acid in mitochondria

+

+

+

Synthesis of porphyrin/cytochrome proteins

+

+

Plus symbols denote that these metabolic pathways were identified in this apicomplexan parasite, whereas minus symbols denote that these metabolic pathways were absent. Abbreviations: Cryptosporidium parvum (Cpar); C. hominis (Chom); C. meleagridis (Cmel); Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I (Cchi); C. ubiquitum (Cubi); C. bovis (Cbov); C. ryanae (Crya); C. baileyi (Cbai); C. andersoni (Cand); Plasmodium falciparum (Pfal); Toxoplasma gondii (Tgon).

Sub, abbreviation of subunit. One sub means only one subunit of the protein was detected in the species.