Chief signaling pathways involved in PCa development and progression. (1) Wnt/β-catenin signaling, (2) AR signaling, (3) NF-κB signaling, (4) JAK/STAT signaling and (5) receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Abbreviations: AKT, akt serine/threonine kinase; AR, androgen receptor; ARE, androgen responsive elements; β-Cat, beta-catenin; DHT, dihydrotestosterone; GF, growth factor; Fz, Frizzled receptor; IκB, inhibitor of kappa B; ILs, interleukins; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3-kinase; Ras, rat sarcoma protein; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase; STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription; TCF/LEF-1, t-cell specific transcription factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor; Wnt, wnt ligands.