Table 3.
IP weighted estimates of the difference in mean BMI z-score under representative interventions.
| Δ in mean BMI z-score in early adolescence | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Maintain at or below 0.5 servings/day vs above during pregnancy and early childhood (3–6 years) | At or below 0.5 servings/day through pregnancy, fixing range of early childhood consumption | At or below 0.5 servings/day through early childhood, fixing range of pregnancy consumption | |
| Primary analysis1, | −0.94 (−1.52, −0.08) | −0.05 (−0.34, 0.23) | −0.89 (−1.46, −0.11) |
| Sensitivity analyses (i): missingness in baseline confounders | |||
| Exclude paternal BMI and household income from baseline confounders2 | −0.83 (−1.39, −0.12) | −0.04 (−0.34, 0.26) | −0.78 (−1.25, −0.19) |
| Sensitivity analyses (ii): interval lengths | |||
| Wider intervals: pregnancy, 3 to 4 years, 5 to 6 years | −0.33 (−0.67, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.21, 0.15) | −0.29 (−0.67, 0.05) |
| Sensitivity analyses (iii): selection of measured confounders | |||
| 1+ maternal age (<30, 30 to <35, ≥ 35 years) | −0.92 (−1.53, −0.06) | −0.02 (−0.31, 0.27) | −0.90 (−1.45, −0.16) |
| 1+ total gestational weight gain (tertile) | −1.02 (−1.56, −0.09) | −0.03 (−0.32, 0.25) | −0.99 (−1.49, −0.16) |
| 1+ breast feeding duration (spline with 3 knots) | −0.91 (−1.47, 0.008) | −0.02 (−0.32, 0.25) | −0.89 (−1.38, −0.04) |
| 1+ time to introduction of solid food (4 months, 4–5 months, ≥ 6 months) | −0.89 (−1.41, −0.03) | −0.08 (−0.37, 0.20) | −0.80 (−1.32, 0.06) |
| 1+ juice intake3 | −1.08 (−1.61, −0.25) | −0.21 (−0.52, 0.16) | −0.87 (−1.42, −0.08) |
| 1+ hours of sleep4 | −1.00 (−1.52, −0.08) | −0.04 (−0.34, 0.23) | −0.95 (−1.46, −0.11) |
| 1+ newborn size z-score5 | −0.98 (−1.84, −0.03) | 0.06 (−0.33, 0.40) | −1.04 (−1.76, −0.18) |
| 1+ newborn BMI z-score but exclude birth weight adjust for gestational age z-score6 | −0.77 (−1.67, 0.04) | 0.10 (−0.30, 0.44) | −0.87 (−1.70, −0.12) |
| 1but exclude concurrent covariates (measured in the same questionnaire as SSB) from the models | −0.92 (−1.50, −0.08) | −0.06 (−0.34, 0.24) | −0.85 (−1.42, −0.006) |
| Sensitivity analyses (iv): weight model specification | |||
| Model 17 | −0.91 (−1.58, −0.16) | −0.04 (−0.33, 0.25) | −0.87 (−1.48, −0.11) |
| Model 28 | −0.91 (−1.54, −0.12) | −0.05 (−0.34, 0.25) | −0.86 (−1.38, −0.06) |
| Model 39 | −0.93 (−1.46, −0.02) | −0.02 (−0.31, 0.27) | −0.91 (−1.42, −0.04) |
| Sensitivity analyses (v): definition of censoring | |||
| Censor upon first interval of any missing covariates | −0.86 (−1.50, −0.07) | −0.12 (−0.34, 0.24) | −0.74 (−1.44, −0.11) |
| Restrict analysis to livebirths | −0.95 (−1.50, −0.18) | −0.06 (−0.38, 0.26) | −0.89 (−1.40, −0.18) |
| Sensitivity analyses (vi): choice of the cutoffs | |||
| Maintaining at or below 75th percentile vs. above during pregnancy and early childhood | Effect through pregnancy, fixing early childhood consumption | Effect through early childhood, fixing pregnancy consumption | |
| Using 75th percentiles10 as the thresholds | −0.71 (−1.33, −0.04) | −0.04 (−0.41, 0.37) | −0.67 (−1.15, −0.09) |
All 95%CIs were based on bootstrap with 500 samples.
Covariates in the primary analysis are listed in the Table 1. The beta coefficients were 0.09 in early pregnancy, −0.14 in late pregnancy, −0.50 in age 3, −0.03 in age 4, −0.36 in age 5, and −0.001 in age 6.
Eligibility criteria do not require complete data on paternal BMI and household income (n=1955 at baseline)
Include mother’s average juice intake during early and late pregnancy (tertiles) and children’s cumulative average juice intake up to time k (tertiles).
Include children’s cumulative average hours of sleep up to time k (tertiles).
Include newborn length z-score (tertiles).
Include newborn BMI z-score (tertiles) instead of birthweight for gestational age z-score
Model maternal BMI as a spline model with 4 knots (instead of categorical variables).
Model birthweight for gestational age z-score and BMI z-score at age 3 as a spline model with 4 knots (instead of categorical variables).
Model children’s cumulative average of TV watching as a spline model with 3 knots (instead of including categorical variables).
75th cutoffs were 0.83 servings/day for early pregnancy, 0.79 servings/day for late pregnancy, 0.21 servings/day for 3 and 4 years, and 0.43 servings/day for 5 and 6 years.