Table 2.

Longitudinal effects of concussion on blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) response, averaged over significant task time points (35–55 s).

	Longitudinal (LMM)				Cross-sectional (2-sample)
	b	95% CI	BSR	p	mean	95% CI	BSR	p
ACU	–	–	–	–	−0.325	−0.551, −0.122	−3.41	<0.001**
SUB	0.207	−0.093, 0.488	1.34	0.164	−0.138	−0.367, 0.070	−0.98	0.208
RTP	0.239	−0.008, 0.496	1.85	0.060	−0.138	−0.323, 0.034	−0.88	0.128
1MO	0.294	0.042, 0.517	2.34	0.026	−0.078	−0.279, 0.113	−0.20	0.454
1YR	0.539	0.247, 0.873	3.52	<0.001*	0.143	−0.064, 0.355	1.64	0.524

(Left) Statistics from longitudinal linear mixed model (LMM) analyses, including fixed-effect coefficients b, 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), bootstrap ratios (BSRs), and p-values. (right) Statistics from bootstrapped two-sample cross-sectional analyses, including mean, 95% CI, BSRs, and p-values. Longitudinal tests compare imaging sessions (SUB, RTP, 1MO, 1YR) to ACU, whereas cross-sectional tests compare imaging sessions (ACU, SUB, RTP, 1MO, 1YR) to athletic controls.

^*Significant longitudinal change relative to ACU.

^**Significant cross-sectional difference relative to controls.