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. 2020 Jul 14;11:581. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00581

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Three assumptions for MR analysis. Firstly, the genetic variants, which are selected as the instrumental variables, are associated with the exposure (stroke). Secondly, genetic variants are not related to known or unknown confounder factors. Thirdly, genetic variants would have an influence on the outcome (AD) only through exposure (stroke), not through other pathways.