Table 2.
Biochemistries, metabolic indicators, insulin sensitivity, and plasma hormones at 6 weeks postpartum
| Lactating (n = 12) | Formula (n = 6) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biochemistries and metabolic indicators | |||
| HbA1c in percent (mmol/mol) | 5.8 ± 0.3 (40) | 5.5 ± 0.3 (37) | 0.05 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 83 ± 9 | 87 ± 4 | 0.17 |
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 2.6 ± 2.3 | 4.0 ± 2.7 | 0.30 |
| Fasting FFA (mmol/L) | 0.61 ± 0.12 | 0.67 ± 0.08 | 0.28 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197 ± 24 | 200 ± 50 | 0.92 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51 ± 12 | 45 ± 5 | 0.12 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 125 ± 63 | 171 ± 95 | 0.31 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 121 ± 21 | 120 ± 34 | 0.96 |
| Matsuda Index | 10.5 ± 8.8 | 7.6 ± 5.3 | 0.40 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 0.54 |
| Adipo-IR | 3.2 ± 3.9 | 4.6 ± 3.0 | 0.42 |
| Insulin secretion sensitivity index 2 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 0.36 |
| First-phase Stumvoll (μU/mL) | 102 ± 72 | 168 ± 100 | 0.19 |
| Second-phase Stumvoll (μU/mL) | 29 ± 17 | 45 ± 25 | 0.21 |
| Fasting RQ | 0.82 ± 0.10 | 0.86 ± 0.03 | 0.17 |
| Clamp step 1 RQ | 0.84 ± 0.08 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 0.08 |
| Clamp step 2 RQ | 0.88 ± 0.10 | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 0.33 |
| OGTT | |||
| Plasma glucose AUC (g/dL) · min | 18.3 ± 2.1 | 16.0 ± 5.4 | 0.20 |
| Plasma insulin AUC (mU/mL) · min | 4.9 ± 3.2 | 7.1 ± 5.9 | 0.49 |
| Plasma FFA AUC (mmol/L) · min | 36.4 ± 7.0 | 40.6 ± 11.7 | 0.35 |
| NGT:IFG:IGT:Combined IFG and IGT | 4:1:7:0 | 4:0:1:1 | 0.24 |
| Hormone concentrations | |||
| Prolactin (ng/mL) | 276 ± 142 | 11 ± 5 | <0.001 |
| Total adiponectin (μg/mL) | 4.05 ± 1.06 | 4.13 ± 1.14 | 0.89 |
| HMW adiponectin (μg/mL) | 1.98 ± 0.80 | 1.99 ± 0.63 | 0.99 |
| HMW/total adiponectin | 0.47 ± 0.09 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.92 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 5.15 ± 4.06 | 6.76 ± 2.08 | 0.28 |
| Total adiponectin/leptin (μg/mL per ng/mL) | 1.12 ± 0.65 | 0.64 ± 0.22 | 0.04 |
| Estradiol (pg/mL) | 26.5 ± 14.6 | 74.2 ± 27.8 | 0.01 |
Data are mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. Adipo-IR is calculated from fasting plasma FFA and insulin. IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; RQ, respiratory quotient.