|
Direct
Colostrum from cows treated with penicillins and aminoglycosides did not increase faecal shedding of resistant Escherichia coli (Duse et al., 2015) ( 3.4.1)
Indirect
Residue levels in the colostrum are low and decrease with the length of dry period ( 3.2.3)
|
Direct
No evidence from studies ( 3.4.1)
|
|
|
|
Direct
No evidence from studies ( 3.4.1)
Indirect
|
Direct
Colostrum from cows treated with penicillins and aminoglycosides did not increase the faecal shedding of resistant E. coli (Duse et al., 2015) ( 3.4.1)
Indirect
Residue levels in the colostrum are low and decrease with the length of dry period ( 3.2.3)
|
|
Shortage of colostrum on farms using antimicrobials at dry‐off
Disposal of waste colostrum might increase residues in the environment
Low compliance if not well founded and communicated
|
|
Direct
Colostrum from cows treated with penicillins and aminoglycosides did not increase faecal shedding of resistant E. coli (Duse et al., 2015) ( 3.4.1)
|
Direct
No studies supporting a distinction between antimicrobials ( 3.4.1)
Indirect
Residue levels in the colostrum is low and decrease with the length of dry period ( 3.2.3)
|
Reduced risk for shedding of AMR bacteria by calves
No interference with current routines on farms using penicillin and/or aminoglycosides
To focus on highest priority CIAs targets resistance of most public health significance and could also be a lever for reducing the use of these antimicrobials CIAs
|
Shortage of colostrum on farms using antimicrobials other than penicillin and/or aminoglycosides
Separation of colostrum from cows by treatment includes practicalities that might interfere with compliance
Disposal of waste colostrum might increase residues in the environment
|
|
Direct
|
Direct
Colostrum from cows treated with penicillins and aminoglycosides did not increase faecal shedding of resistant E. coli (Duse et al., 2015) ( 3.4.1)
Indirect
Residue levels in the colostrum are low and decrease with the length of dry period ( 3.2.3)
|
Ameliorates some disadvantages of a complete ban (C2)
Probably higher compliance than to a complete ban.
Treatment methods are available (3.6.2 and 3.63)
|
Practicality at the farm level is not obvious and might interfere with compliance
Potential impact on nutritional and immunological properties of the colostrum
A need to adapt and evaluate methods for practical use
|