Table 18.
Measure to reduce antimicrobial residues | Evidence in support of the measure | Evidence against the measure | Advantages | Disadvantages |
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Incubation with β‐lactamases to reduce β‐lactam antimicrobials |
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Heat treatment or treatment with conditioned medium from bacteria producing cefotaximase to reduce cefquinome (4th gen. cephalosporin) |
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Fermentation to reduce penicillin‐G and cefquinome |
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Combination of ultrafiltration and permeate washes to reduce penicillin |
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pH increase to pH 10 to reduce cefquinome |
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Electrochemical oxidation to remove tetracyclines |
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Heat treatments to remove several antimicrobials |
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CIA: critically important antimicrobial for human medicine, e.g. 3rd–4th generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, according to the WHO definition (Collignon et al., 2016; WHO, 2016). See Appendix A. FI: Finland.
It is likely that this use would fall under the definition of technological feed additives according to Regulation 1831/20013 which would trigger a premarketing authorisation based on a risk assessment.