Table C.1.
Antimicrobials used in dairy cows
| Country | Penicillins (benzylpenicillin, aminopenicillins, β‐lactamase stable penicilllins) | 1–2 gen Cephalosporins | 3–4 gen Cephalosporin | Aminoglycosides | Amphenicols | Macrolides/Lincosamides | Fluoroquinolones | Tetracyclines | Aminocoumarins (Novobiocin) | Other antimicrobials | Penicillins and aminoglycosides | Penicillins and polypeptides | Penicillins and aminoglycosides and novobiocin | Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid | 1–2 gen cephalosporins and aminoglycosides | Aminoglycosides and macrolides | Sulfonamides and trimethoprim | Aminoglycosides, polypeptides and tetracyclines | Other combinations | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Injectables | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Lactation and dry period | |||||||||||||||||||||
| BE | 27.3 | 0.1 | 36.4 | 0.1 | – | 14.9 | 8.7 | 4.6 | – | – | 4.2 | – | – | – | 0.5 | – | 1.7 | – | 0.9 | Stevens et al. (2016) | Proportion (%) of total daily dosages in 57 dairy herds, 2012–2013 |
| CZ | 29.0 | 0.6 | 33.4 | 10.0 | – | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | – | 8.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.0 | – | – | EC Questionnaire 2015 – see Appendix B | Proportion (%) of sales data and questionnaire to veterinarians on use in cattle, 2012 |
| DK | 76.0 | – | 0.3 | 2.5 | – | 1.2 | – | 11.3 | – | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8.6 | – | DANMAP (2014) | Proportion (%) of total amount active compound used in cows and bulls, 2014 | |
| NL | 28.0 | – | – | – | 4.0 | 8.0 | – | 22.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 21.3 | – | 4.0 | SDa (2015) | Proportion (%) of total daily dosages in dairy herds, 2014 | |
| SE | 84.2 | – | 0.2 | – | – | 3.3 | 6.9 | 0.4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.0 | – | – | Växa Sverige (2014) | Proportion (%) of total number of treatments of dairy cow affiliated to Växa Sverige, 2013 | ||
| UK (England and Wales) | 6.2 | 13.9 | 5.9 | 0.1 | – | 27.4 | 5.5 | 6.9 | – | – | 20.7 | – | – | 9.4 | – | – | 3.9 | – | – | Brunton et al. (2012) | Most frequently used antimicrobial (%), 557 dairy farms in England and Wales, 2010/11 |
| Intramammaries | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Lactation and dry period | |||||||||||||||||||||
| DE | 69.7 | 3.0 | 4.9 | 20.8 | – | 1.5 | – | – | – | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Hauck et al. (2014) | Proportion (%) of the amount of antimicrobials in intrammammaries sold 2012 |
| DK | 59.8 | 20.9 | 3.9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 16.6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | DANMAP (2014) | Proportion (%) of Defined Animal Daily Dosages (DADD), 2014 |
| Lactation | |||||||||||||||||||||
| BE | 5.1 | 14.9 | 31.0 | – | – | 0.5 | – | – | – | – | 11.4 | – | – | – | 35.6 | – | – | – | 1.3 | Stevens et al. (2016) | Proportion (%) of total daily dosages for mastitis in 57 dairy herds, 2012–2013 |
| IE | 36.0 | 17.4 | 2.0 | 33.1 | – | 0.8 | – | – | 10.1 | 0.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | More et al. (2012) | Proportion (%) of the amount of antimicrobials sold, 2010 |
| NL | 52.2 | – | 2.0 | 2.8 | – | 1.9 | – | – | – | – | 2.5 | – | – | – | 37.2 | – | – | – | – | Kuipers et al. (2016) | Proportion (%) of total daily dosages for mastitis in 94 dairy herds – 95% intramammaries, 2102 |
| NL | 80.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 19.9 | SDa (2015) | Proportion (%) of total daily dosages in dairy herds, 2014 |
| FR | 19.8 | 8.9 | 15.2 | 1.0 | – | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | 2.8 | 4.0 | – | – | 11.4 | – | – | 36.8 | – | ANSES ANMV (2015) | Data from the French National Antimicrobial sales Monitoring Programme, 2104 |
| UK (England and Wales) Lactating | 1.4 | 1.4 | 29.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7.7 | – | 37.0 | 16.2 | 6.5 | – | 0.4 | – | – | Brunton et al. (2012) | Most frequently used antimicrobials (%), 557 dairy farms in England and Wales, 2010/11 |
| UK | 25.7 | 8.1 | 7.0 | 43.4 | – | 0.6 | – | – | 14.3 | – | 0.6 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.3 | – | – | UK‐VARSS (2015) | Proportion of the amount of antimicrobials active ingredient sold, 2014 |
| Dry period | |||||||||||||||||||||
| BE | 30.8 | 16.1 | 48.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6.2 | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Stevens et al. (2016) | Proportion (%) of total daily dosages in 57 dairy herds, 2012–2013 |
| FR | 22.5 | 42.3 | 14.9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6.7 | 11.4 | – | – | – | – | 2.2 | – | – | – | ANSES ANMV (2015) | Data from the French National Antimicrobial sales Monitoring Programme, 2014 |
| IE | 70.4 | 25.5 | 0.7 | 3.3 | – | – | – | – | 0.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | More et al. (2012) | Proportion (%) of the amount of antimicrobials sold, 2010 |
| NL | 43.9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 56.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Kuipers et al. (2016) | Proportion (%) of total daily dosages, 94 dairy herds, 2012 |
| NL | 37.3 | – | – | – | – | 1.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 61.0 | SDa (2015) | Proportion (%) of total daily dosages in dairy herds, 2014 |
| SE | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 100 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Swedres‐Svarm (2015) | Proportion (%) of the amount of antimicrobials sold, 2015 |
| UK (England and Wales) | 23.8 | 43.2 | 16.4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 16.6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Brunton et al. (2012) | Most frequently used antimicrobial (%), 557 dairy farms in England and Wales, 2010/11 |
| UK | 62.1 | 24.3 | – | 3.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | UK‐VARSS (2015) | Proportion of the amount of antimicrobials sold, 2014 |
–: no data.