Table 2. Common vitamin and mineral deficiencies following bariatric procedures.

IU: international units; PO: per oral

	Definition	Symptoms of Deficiency	Treatment
Vitamin A	Serum retinol <20-80 ug/dL	Night blindness, Bitot spots, hyperkeratinization of skin	10,000-25,000 IU PO daily, higher in situations of corneal damage
Vitamin D	Serum 25-OH <20 ng/mL	Osteomalacia, muscle aches, low back pains	50.000 IU Q-weekly 6-8 weeks
Vitamin E	Serum Alpha-tocopherol <5 μg/mL	Hyporeflexia, neurologic damage, muscle weakness,	100–400 IU/d
Vitamin K	Elevated PT	Bleeding, bruising	1–2 mg/d orally
Zinc	Plasma zinc 60–130 ug/dL	Dysgeusia, rash/acne, diarrhea, hypogonadism	Optimal dosing unclear, usually 50 g (elemental) PO daily
Copper	Serum copper 11.8 to 22.8 mmol/L	Anemia, neutropenia, pancytopenia, hypopigmentation	3–8 mg/d oral copper gluconate
B12	Serum B12 200–1000 pg/mL	Glossitis, pernicious anemia, tinnitus	1000mg/d