Table 3. Admitting laboratory investigations of study subjects and their correlation with disease severity.
Descriptive statistics are presented as Mean ± standard deviation and Median (interquartile range) respectively. Categorical data is presented as n (%), where n is no. of subjects/total no. of subjects. * indicates independent sample t-test, ** indicates Chi-square test. ^ indicates Mann-Whitney U-test, ” indicates Fisher’s exact test.
MCV: Mean corpuscular volume; TLC: Total leukocyte counts; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; LMR: Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; LCR: Lymphocyte-to-C‐reactive protein ratio; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; PCT: Procalcitonin; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide.
| Correlation of initial laboratory investigations amongst the patients of Covid-19 | |||||||
| # | Laboratory investigation | Ward (n = 67) | ICU (n = 33) | p-value | Recovered (n = 78) | Expired (n = 22) | p-value |
| Hemogram (complete blood picture) | |||||||
| 1 | Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.29 ± 2.25 | 11.80 ± 1.94 | 0.001* | 12.90 ± 2.32 | 12.34 ± 1.98 | 0.302* |
| 13.40 (11.80-14.90) | 11.90 (10.65-13.30) | 0.001^ | 13.10 (11.35-14.60) | 12.45 (11.30-13.30) | 0.154^ | ||
| 2 | MCV (fL) | 83.45 ± 6.99 | 77.93 ± 9.62 | 0.005* | 82.48 ± 7.78 | 78.45 ± 9.64 | 0.083* |
| 84.00 (80.00-87.00) | 80.00 (73.00-85.00) | 0.007^ | 83.50 (78.75-86.25) | 80.00 (71.75-85.50) | 0.078^ | ||
| 3 | TLC (109/L) | 8.29 ± 4.11 | 14.25 ± 8.99 | 0.001* | 8.92 ± 5.05 | 15.10 ± 9.51 | 0.007* |
| 7.10 (5.30-10.40) | 11.60 (7.90-17.10) | <0.001^ | 7.95 (5.30-10.52) | 11.60 (7.35-20.42) | 0.001^ | ||
| >11 x 109/L | n = 11/63 (17.5%) | n = 18/33 (54.5%) | <0.001” | n = 15/74 (20.3%) | n = 14/22 (63.6%) | 0.001” | |
| 4-11 x 109/L | n = 47/63 (74.6%) | n = 15/33 (45.5%) | n = 54/74 (73.0%) | n = 8/22 (36.4%) | |||
| <4 x 109/L | n = 5/63 (7.9%) | n = 0/33 (0.0%) | n = 5/74 (6.8%) | n = 0/22 (0.0%) | |||
| 4 | Platelets (109/L) | 239.31 ± 100.75 | 295.39 ± 171.42 | 0.091* | 257.87 ± 136.25 | 261.00 ± 115.97 | 0.923* |
| 223.00 (185.00-269.00) | 263.00 (183.50-377.00) | 0.165^ | 224.00 (184.25-303.25) | 249.50 (184.25-335.25) | 0.577^ | ||
| >400 x 109/L | n = 3/63 (4.8%) | n = 7/33 (21.2%) | 0.011” | n = 8/74 (10.8%) | n = 2/22 (9.1%) | 1.000” | |
| 150-400 | n = 53/63 (84.1%) | n = 19/33 (57.6%) | n = 55/74 (74.3%) | n = 17/22 (77.3%) | |||
| <150 x 109/L | n = 7/63 (11.1%) | n = 7/33 (21.2%) | n = 11/74 (14.9%) | n = 3/22 (13.6%) | |||
| Differential leukocyte counts | |||||||
| 5 | Neutrophils (%) | 67.38 ± 15.69 | 81.27 ± 8.68 | <0.001* | 68.93 ± 15.53 | 83.00 ± 6.51 | <0.001* |
| 68.00 (58.00-81.00) | 83.00 (77.00-88.00) | <0.001^ | 70.50 (58.75-83.25) | 82.50 (77.00-88.00) | <0.001^ | ||
| >75% | n = 20/63 (31.7%) | n = 26/33 (78.8%) | <0.001** | n = 27/74 (36.5%) | n = 19/22 (86.4%) | <0.001** | |
| <75% | n = 43/63 (68.3%) | n = 7/33 (21.2%) | n = 47/74 (63.5%) | n = 3/22 (13.6%) | |||
| Lymphocytes (%) | 23.98 ± 13.12 | 11.33 ± 6.83 | <0.001* | 22.48 ± 13.01 | 10.04 ± 5.58 | <0.001* | |
| 23.00 (13.00-33.00) | 9.00 (6.00-16.50) | <0.001^ | 21.00 (10.00-32.25) | 8.50 (5.75-14.50) | <0.001^ | ||
| >20% | n = 36/63 (57.1%) | n = 3/33 (9.1%) | <0.001** | n = 38/74 (51.4%) | n = 1/22 (4.5%) | <0.001** | |
| <20% | n = 27/63 (42.9%) | n = 30/33 (90.9%) | n = 36/74 (48.6%) | n = 21/22 (95.5%) | |||
| Monocytes (%) | 7.09 ± 2.91 | 5.63 ± 3.02 | 0.027* | 6.86 ± 2.92 | 5.68 ± 3.21 | 0.107* | |
| 6.00 (5.00-10.00) | 5.00 (3.00-7.00) | 0.011^ | 6.00 (5.00-9.00) | 5.00 (3.75-6.25) | 0.054^ | ||
| Eosinophils (%) | 1.33 ± 1.89 | 1.36 ± 2.08 | 0.943* | 1.52 ± 2.11 | 0.72 ± 1.07 | 0.092* | |
| 1.00 (0.00-2.00) | 1.00 (0.00-2.00) | 0.715^ | 1.00 (0.00-2.00) | 0.00 (0.00-1.00) | 0.049^ | ||
| Basophils (%) | 0.11 ± 0.31 | 0.03 ± 0.17 | 0.177* | 0.09 ± 0.29 | 0.04 ± 0.21 | 0.469* | |
| 0.00 (0.00-0.00) | 0.00 (0.00-0.00) | 0.176^ | 0.00 (0.00-0.00) | 0.00 (0.00-0.00) | 0.466^ | ||
| Hematological indices | |||||||
| 6 | NLR | 4.96 ± 5.14 | 11.19 ± 9.33 | 0.001* | 5.45 ± 5.40 | 12.65 ± 10.37 | 0.004* |
| 3.00 (1.69-6.46) | 9.11 (4.60-13.66) | <0.001^ | 3.21 (1.75-8.52) | 9.93 (5.45-15.59) | <0.001^ | ||
| <3 | n = 32/63 (50.8%) | n = 1/33 (3.0%) | <0.001** | n = 33/74 (44.6%) | n = 0/22 (0.0%) | <0.001** | |
| 3-9 | n = 20/63 (31.7%) | n = 15/33 (45.5%) | n = 25/74 (33.8%) | n = 10/22 (45.5%) | |||
| >9 | n = 11/63 (17.5%) | n = 17/33 (51.5%) | n = 16/74 (21.6%) | n = 12/22 (54.5%) | |||
| LMR | 3.48 ± 1.69 | 2.31 ± 1.35 | <0.001* | 3.40 ± 1.70 | 1.97 ± 0.98 | <0.001* | |
| 3.33 (2.00-4.60) | 2.00 (1.22-2.81) | 0.001^ | 3.29 (2.00-4.52) | 1.80 (1.20-2.80) | <0.001^ | ||
| PLR | 169.81 ± 105.30 | 271.84 ± 179.47 | 0.004* | 186.38 ± 130.34 | 267.11 ± 168.05 | 0.047* | |
| 135.86 (105.41-207.75) | 224.76 (142.06-356.92) | 0.001^ | 144.24 (105.51-228.75) | 220.33 (138.76-353.26) | <0.001^ | ||
| LCR | 2843.20 ± 5533.43 | 387.39 ± 1293.34 | 0.002* | 2448.18 ± 5153.54 | 398.42 ± 1536.17 | 0.070* | |
| 313.24 (83.45-2619.69) | 70.25 (41.91-136.61) | 0.001^ | 273.26 (77.19-1456.33) | 54.13 (32.15-82.41) | <0.001^ | ||
| Renal and electrolytes profile | |||||||
| 7 | Urea (mg/dL) | 30.04 ± 21.36 | 58.33 ± 1.94 | <0.001* | 33.14 ± 24.81 | 61.47 ± 38.38 | 0.003* |
| 25.68 (18.62-35.10) | 50.93 (31.24-77.47) | <0.001^ | 26.41 (18.62-36.46) | 51.36 (34.18-79.98) | <0.001^ | ||
| >49 mg/dL | n = 6/67 (9.0%) | n = 17/33 (51.5%) | <0.001** | n = 11/78 (14.1%) | n = 12/22 (54.5%) | <0.001** | |
| <49 mg/dL | n = 61/67 (91.0%) | n = 16/33 (48.5%) | n = 67/78 (85.9%) | n = 10/22 (45.5%) | |||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.91 ± 0.28 | 1.59 ± 1.18 | 0.002* | 0.99 ± 0.60 | 1.64 ± 1.09 | 0.013* | |
| 0.80 (0.72-1.05) | 1.17 (0.82-1.97) | <0.001^ | 0.81 (0.72-1.04) | 1.25 (1.02-1.86) | <0.001^ | ||
| >1.3 mg/dL | n = 6/67 (9.0%) | n = 13/33 (39.4%) | <0.001** | n = 9/78 (11.5%) | n = 10/22 (45.5%) | 0.001” | |
| <1.3 mg/dL | n = 61/67 (91.0%) | n = 20/33 (60.6%) | n = 69/78 (88.5%) | n = 12/22 (54.5%) | |||
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 137.19 ± 3.97 | 136.18 ± 6.47 | 0.337* | 137.01 ± 4.68 | 136.31 ± 5.81 | 0.562* | |
| 137.00 (135.00-140.00) | 137.00 (132.50-140.00) | 0.476^ | 137.00 (135.00-140.00) | 136.00 (131.75-140.00) | 0.323^ | ||
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.19 ± 0.59 | 4.72 ± 0.83 | 0.002* | 4.32 ± 0.69 | 4.50 ± 0.83 | 0.321* | |
| 4.10 (3.80-4.50) | 4.80 (4.05-5.20) | 0.002^ | 4.10 (3.80-4.80) | 4.30 (3.87-5.00) | 0.428^ | ||
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 102.40 ± 3.97 | 99.72 ± 7.93 | 0.075* | 102.17 ± 5.35 | 99.18 ± 6.36 | 0.053* | |
| 102.00 (100.00-105.00) | 99.00 (97.00-104.50) | 0.023^ | 102.00 (99.75-105.25) | 98.00 (96.75-101.25) | 0.002^ | ||
| Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 19.37 ± 3.37 | 17.57 ± 4.84 | 0.062* | 19.25 ± 3.55 | 17.09 ± 4.97 | 0.067* | |
| 19.00 (18.00-21.00) | 18.00 (14.00-21.00) | 0.027^ | 19.00 (17.00-21.00) | 18.00 (12.75-21.00) | 0.040^ | ||
| <16 mEq/L | n = 9/67 (13.4%) | n = 11/33 (33.3%) | 0.019** | n = 12/78 (15.4%) | n = 8/22 (36.4%) | 0.039” | |
| >16 mEq/L | n = 58/67 (86.6%) | n = 22/33 (66.7%) | n = 66/78 (84.6%) | n = 14/22 (63.6%) | |||
| Hepatic Function enzymes | |||||||
| 8 | Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.54 ± 0.32 | 1.35 ± 2.36 | 0.122* | 0.53 ± 0.31 | 1.70 ± 2.71 | 0.105* |
| 0.46 (0.28-0.75) | 0.61 (0.43-0.96) | 0.027^ | 0.45 (0.28-0.71) | 0.73 (0.50-1.49) | 0.002^ | ||
| >1.0 mg/dL | n = 5/55 (9.1%) | n = 5/22 (22.7%) | 0.138” | n = 5/61 (8.2%) | n = 5/16 (31.3%) | 0.028” | |
| Direct (mg/dL) | 0.28 ± 0.16 | 0.89 ± 1.71 | 0.105* | 0.28 ± 0.16 | 1.13 ± 1.97 | 0.108* | |
| 0.24 (0.15-0.36) | 0.36 (0.24-0.58) | 0.005^ | 0.24 (0.15-0.36) | 0.45 (0.31-0.81) | 0.001^ | ||
| >0.3 mg/dL | n = 18/55 (32.7%) | n = 15/22 (68.2%) | 0.005** | n = 20/61 (32.8%) | n = 13/16 (81.3%) | <0.001** | |
| Indirect (mg/dL) | 0.23 ± 0.17 | 0.45 ± 0.66 | 0.143* | 0.23 ± 0.16 | 0.56 ± 0.75 | 0.097* | |
| 0.20 (0.12-0.31) | 0.26 (0.17-0.39) | 0.112^ | 0.20 (0.11-0.31) | 0.27 (0.19-0.67) | 0.008^ | ||
| >0.8 mg/dL | n = 1/55 (1.8%) | n = 3/22 (13.6%) | 0.068” | n = 1/61 (1.6%) | n = 3/16 (18.8%) | 0.027” | |
| ALT (IU/L) | 61.20 ± 154.74 | 79.72 ± 165.47 | 0.643* | 58.16 ± 147.17 | 98.25 ± 192.09 | 0.367* | |
| 32.00 (22.00-46.00) | 38.00 (26.50-54.75) | 0.248^ | 32.00 (22.00-45.50) | 41.50 (31.25-66.75) | 0.053^ | ||
| >45 IU/L | n = 14/55 (25.5%) | n = 8/22 (36.4%) | 0.338** | n = 15/61 (24.6%) | n = 7/16 (43.8%) | 0.212” | |
| AST (IU/L) | 64.29 ± 163.75 | 97.27 ± 193.78 | 0.451* | 61.63 ± 155.64 | 119.75 ± 224.72 | 0.232* | |
| 38.00 (27.00-52.00) | 49.50 (41.75-64.25) | 0.019^ | 38.00 (27.00-50.50) | 49.50 (44.50-66.50) | 0.001^ | ||
| >45 IU/L | n = 18/55 (32.7%) | n = 14/22 (63.6%) | 0.013** | n = 20/61 (32.8%) | n = 12/16 (75.0%) | 0.002** | |
| γGT (IU/L) | 72.54 ± 81.90 | 91.45 ± 90.18 | 0.377* | 71.65 ± 79.19 | 101.93 ± 100.23 | 0.202* | |
| 50.00 (25.00-95.00) | 73.50 (36.50-116.50) | 0.150^ | 49.00 (25.50-94.50) | 75.00 (52.50-123.50) | 0.056^ | ||
| >55 IU/L | n = 27/55 (49.1%) | n = 13/22 (59.1%) | 0.428** | n = 28/61 (45.9%) | n = 12/16 (75.0%) | 0.038** | |
| ALP (IU/L) | 98.07 ± 51.47 | 150.68 ± 241.12 | 0.126* | 98.47 ± 48.38 | 168.87 ± 283.34 | 0.065* | |
| 88.00 (62.00-118.00) | 95.00 (73.00-228.80) | 0.346^ | 89.00 (64.50-113.50) | 95.50 (70.00-127.50) | 0.669^ | ||
| >135 IU/L | n = 8/55 (14.5%) | n = 3/22 (13.6%) | 1.000“ | n = 8/61 (13.1%) | n = 3/16 (18.8%) | 0.689” | |
| Inflammatory and biochemical markers | |||||||
| 9 | CRP (mg/L) | 88.35 ± 97.21 | 177.06 ± 103.68 | <0.001* | 96.57 ± 100.54 | 195.27 ± 97.10 | <0.001* |
| 47.60 (10.30-145.60) | 173.60 (107.50-279.85) | <0.001^ | 57.95 (14.25-151.20) | 174.85 (132.07-292.55) | <0.001^ | ||
| >10 mg/L | n = 45/59 (76.3%) | n = 31/33 (93.9%) | 0.032** | n = 55/70 (78.6%) | n = 21/22 (95.5%) | 0.105” | |
| 10 | LDH (U/L) | 485.75 ± 354.63 | 812.90 ± 386.62 | 0.003* | 505.24 ± 342.24 | 978.67 ± 379.67 | 0.001* |
| 396.00 (265.50-575.50) | 778.00 (530.03-1002.50) | <0.001^ | 418.00 (275.00-587.50) | 885.50 (718.75-1172.25) | <0.001^ | ||
| >250 U/L | n = 33/40 (82.5%) | n = 21/21 (100.0%) | 0.084” | n = 42/49 (85.7%) | n = 12/12 (100.0%) | 0.327” | |
| 11 | Ferritin (ng/mL) | 526.38 ± 626.44 | 1102.66 ± 778.26 | 0.005* | 622.16 ± 684.74 | 1111.13 ± 795.16 | 0.058* |
| 252.07 (265.50-575.50) | 1044.30 (530.03-1002.50) | <0.005^ | 295.10 (125.27-953.26) | 726.30 (416.93-2000.00) | 0.027^ | ||
| >250 ng/mL for males & >120 ng/mL for females | n = 22/44 (50.0%) | n = 18/22 (81.8%) | 0.013** | n = 29/53 (54.7%) | n = 11/13 (84.6%) | 0.048** | |
| 12 | PCT (ng/mL) | 0.68 ± 1.30 | 4.69 ± 15.09 | 0.463* | 4.47 ± 17.31 | 2.96 ± 6.05 | 0.742* |
| 0.09 (0.03-0.85) | 0.22 (0.05-1.25) | 0.542^ | 0.06 (0.03-0.55) | 0.47 (0.11-2.07) | 0.023^ | ||
| >0.5 ng/mL | n = 2/8 (25.0%) | n = 10/28 (35.7%) | 0.691” | n = 5/20 (25.0%) | n = 7/16 (43.8%) | 0.236** | |
| 13 | D-dimer (mcg/mL) | 1.49 ± 2.13 | 3.45 ± 2.76 | 0.175* | 2.89 ± 3.33 | 2.32 ± 1.89 | 0.701* |
| 0.60 (0.43-2.31) | 3.18 (1.28-4.48) | 0.093^ | 1.15 (0.48-4.76) | 1.92 (0.61-3.30) | 0.848^ | ||
| >0.5 mcg/mL | n = 4/6 (66.7%) | n = 8/8 (100.0%) | 0.165” | n = 5/7 (71.4%) | n = 7/7 (100.0%) | 0.462” | |
| 14 | ESR (mm/hour) | 75.00 ± 38.18 | 77.14 ± 43.75 | 0.952* | 83.20 ± 30.21 | 68.50 ± 54.21 | 0.620* |
| 75.00 (48.00-102.00) | 78.00 (24.00-124.00) | 0.769^ | 78.00 (56.00-113.00) | 65.00 (21.00-119.50) | 0.712^ | ||
| >20 mm/hour | n = 2/2 (100.0%) | n = 6/7 (85.7%) | 1.000” | n = 5/5 (100.0%) | n = 3/4 (75.0%) | 0.444” | |
| 15 | Trop I (pg/mL) | 108.01 ± 134.71 | 100.99 ± 161.48 | 0.918* | 94.71 ± 134.57 | 110.90 ± 165.65 | 0.807* |
| 65.40 (3.20-198.72) | 19.25 (10.87-127.87) | 0.539^ | 18.45 (3.20-228.15) | 20.20 (10.57-127.72) | 0.428^ | ||
| >34.2 pg/mL for males & >15.6 pg/mL for females | n = 4/8 (50.0%) | n = 5/14 (35.7%) | 0.662” | n = 4/10 (40.0%) | n = 5/12 (41.7%) | 1.000” | |
| 16 | Pro-BNP (pg/mL) | 5661.80 ± 7697.54 | 24891.07 ± 64635.74 | 0.485* | 23128.95 ± 64690.99 | 8892.35 ± 13217.30 | 0.607* |
| 1406.00 (80.30-15308.95) | 1004.80 (295.00-8991.70) | 0.482^ | 316.50 (90.30-15108.80) | 4279.05 (455.72-15493.77) | 0.269^ | ||
| >125 pg/mL | n = 4/6 (66.7%) | n = 10/11 (90.9%) | 0.515” | n = 8/11 (72.7%) | n = 6/6 (100.0%) | 0.515” | |