Table 5. Receiver operating characteristic curve findings of the COVID-19 patients.
PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; ICU: Intensive care unit; AUC: Area under curve; S.E: Standard error of mean; ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; MCV: Mean corpuscular volume; TLC: Total leukocyte counts; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; LMR: Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; LCR: Lymphocyte-to-C‐reactive protein ratio; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase.
| ROC statistics of the Covid-19 patients for ICU admissions and deaths (severity of the disease) | ||||||||||
| Variable state | AUC | S.E | 95% confidence interval | Sensitivity | Specificity | PPV | NPV | p-value | ||
| Hemogram (complete blood picture) | ||||||||||
| 1 | Hemoglobin | ICU (cut off: 12.85) | 0.301 | 0.054 | 0.196-0.407 | 36.4% | 42.9% | 56.3% | 25.0% | 0.001 |
| Death (cut off: 11.45) | 0.400 | 0.063 | 0.276-0.523 | 77.3% | 25.7% | 79.2% | 23.6% | 0.154 | ||
| MCV | ICU (cut off: 84.50) | 0.333 | 0.061 | 0.213-0.453 | 30.3% | 55.6% | 60.3% | 26.3% | 0.007 | |
| Death (cut off: 84.50) | 0.376 | 0.073 | 0.233-0.519 | 31.8% | 58.1% | 74.1% | 18.4% | 0.078 | ||
| TLC | ICU (cutoff: 9.30) | 0.737 | 0.055 | 0.629-0.845 | 69.7% | 71.4% | 81.8% | 56.1% | <0.001 | |
| Death (cutoff: 11.00) | 0.727 | 0.063 | 0.603-0.850 | 63.6% | 79.7% | 88.1% | 48.3% | 0.001 | ||
| Platelet | ICU (cut off: 230.00) | 0.587 | 0.067 | 0.455-0.718 | 60.6% | 58.7% | 74.0% | 43.5% | 0.165 | |
| Death (cut off: 230.00) | 0.539 | 0.071 | 0.400-0.678 | 59.1% | 55.4% | 82.0% | 28.3% | 0.577 | ||
| Differential leukocyte counts | ||||||||||
| 2 | Neutrophil | ICU (cutoff: 74.50) | 0.773 | 0.048 | 0.680-0.867 | 81.8% | 66.7% | 87.5% | 56.3% | <0.001 |
| Death (cutoff: 72.50) | 0.775 | 0.047 | 0.683-0.867 | 95.5% | 58.1% | 97.7% | 40.4% | <0.001 | ||
| Lymphocyte | ICU (cutoff: 7.50) | 0.203 | 0.045 | 0.115-0.290 | 69.7% | 11.1% | 41.2% | 29.1% | <0.001 | |
| Death (cutoff: 11.50) | 0.195 | 0.045 | 0.106-0.284 | 40.9% | 29.7% | 62.9% | 14.8% | <0.001 | ||
| Monocyte | ICU (cut off: 6.50) | 0.344 | 0.060 | 0.226-0.462 | 30.3% | 58.7% | 61.7% | 27.8% | 0.012 | |
| Death (cut off: 4.50) | 0.366 | 0.068 | 0.233-0.499 | 72.7% | 23.0% | 73.9% | 21.9% | 0.057 | ||
| Eosinophil | ICU (cut off: 0.50) | 0.478 | 0.063 | 0.354-0.603 | 54.5% | 38.1% | 61.5% | 31.6% | 0.728 | |
| Death (cut off: 0.50) | 0.368 | 0.067 | 0.238-0.499 | 40.9% | 35.1% | 66.7% | 15.8% | 0.062 | ||
| Basophil | ICU (cutoff: 0.50) | 0.460 | 0.061 | 0.340-0.579 | 3.0% | 88.9% | 63.6% | 12.5% | 0.579 | |
| Death (cutoff: 655.00) | 0.475 | 0.069 | 0.341-0.610 | 4.5% | 90.5% | 76.1% | 12.5% | 0.727 | ||
| Hematological indices | ||||||||||
| 3 | NLR | ICU (cut off: 3.71) | 0.799 | 0.046 | 0.709-0.889 | 87.9% | 62.1% | 90.7% | 54.7% | <0.001 |
| Death (cut off: 4.16) | 0.806 | 0.046 | 0.716-0.895 | 90.9% | 62.2% | 95.8% | 41.7% | <0.001 | ||
| LMR | ICU (cutoff: 2.38) | 0.279 | 0.061 | 0.169-0.389 | 48.5% | 30.2% | 52.8% | 26.7% | <0.001 | |
| Death (cutoff: 1.37) | 0.237 | 0.053 | 0.133-0.342 | 72.7% | 13.5% | 62.5% | 20.0% | <0.001 | ||
| PLR | ICU (cutoff: 153.65) | 0.696 | 0.056 | 0.576-0.816 | 72.7% | 65.1% | 82.0% | 52.2% | 0.002 | |
| Death (cutoff: 153.65) | 0.671 | 0.070 | 0.535-0.808 | 72.7% | 59.5% | 88.0% | 34.8% | 0.016 | ||
| LCR | ICU (cut off: 38.65) | 0.258 | 0.053 | 0.154-0.361 | 78.8% | 15.5% | 56.3% | 34.7% | <0.001 | |
| Death (cut off:38.65) | 0.225 | 0.053 | 0.120-0.330 | 72.7% | 14.5% | 62.5% | 21.3% | <0.001 | ||
| Renal and electrolytes profile | ||||||||||
| 4 | Urea | ICU (cut off: 28.78) | 0.795 | 0.050 | 0.697-0.893 | 84.8% | 61.2% | 89.1% | 51.9% | <0.001 |
| Death (cut off: 33.27) | 0.784 | 0.059 | 0.668-0.900 | 81.8% | 66.7% | 92.9% | 40.9% | <0.001 | ||
| Creatinine | ICU (cutoff: 0.79) | 0.727 | 0.058 | 0.614-0.841 | 84.8% | 49.3% | 86.8% | 45.2% | <0.001 | |
| Death (cutoff: 0.95) | 0.808 | 0.054 | 0.702-0.914 | 86.4% | 65.4% | 94.4% | 41.3% | <0.001 | ||
| Sodium | ICU (cut off: 137.50) | 0.456 | 0.065 | 0.329-0.583 | 45.5% | 53.7% | 66.7% | 32.6% | 0.477 | |
| Death (cut off: 139.50) | 0.431 | 0.076 | 0.282-0.580 | 31.8% | 66.7% | 77.6% | 21.2% | 0.324 | ||
| Potassium | ICU (cutoff: 4.25) | 0.690 | 0.061 | 0.571-0.808 | 66.7% | 64.2% | 79.6% | 47.8% | 0.002 | |
| Death (cutoff: 4.25) | 0.555 | 0.071 | 0.416-0.685 | 54.5% | 56.4% | 81.5% | 26.1% | 0.429 | ||
| Chloride | ICU (cutoff: 103.50) | 0.360 | 0.066 | 0.230-0.490 | 27.3% | 56.7% | 61.3% | 23.7% | 0.023 | |
| Death (cutoff: 105.50) | 0.288 | 0.071 | 0.149-0.428 | 18.2% | 75.6% | 76.6% | 17.4% | 0.002 | ||
| Bicarbonate | ICU (cut off: 17.50) | 0.364 | 0.063 | 0.240-0.489 | 54.5% | 22.4% | 50.0% | 25.7% | 0.028 | |
| Death (cut off: 17.50) | 0.357 | 0.073 | 0.214-0.500 | 54.5% | 25.6% | 66.7% | 17.1% | 0.041 | ||
| Hepatic function enzymes | ||||||||||
| 5 | Bilirubin | ICU (cut off: 0.50) | 0.662 | 0.066 | 0.534-0.790 | 68.2% | 60.0% | 82.5% | 40.5% | 0.027 |
| Death (cut off: 0.47) | 0.752 | 0.064 | 0.627-0.877 | 87.5% | 52.5% | 94.1% | 32.6% | 0.002 | ||
| ALT | ICU (cut off: 24.50) | 0.585 | 0.070 | 0.448-0.721 | 86.4% | 34.5% | 86.4% | 34.5% | 0.248 | |
| Death (cut off: 26.50) | 0.658 | 0.068 | 0.524-0.792 | 87.5% | 42.6% | 92.9% | 28.6% | 0.053 | ||
| AST | ICU (cutoff: 42.50) | 0.672 | 0.068 | 0.538-0.806 | 77.3% | 65.5% | 87.8% | 47.2% | 0.019 | |
| Death (cutoff: 42.50) | 0.767 | 0.056 | 0.658-0.877 | 87.5% | 63.9% | 95.1% | 38.9% | 0.001 | ||
| γGT | ICU (cut off: 47.00) | 0.605 | 0.067 | 0.474-0.737 | 72.7% | 47.3% | 81.3% | 35.6% | 0.151 | |
| Death (cut off: 50.50) | 0.535 | 0.088 | 0.528-0.785 | 81.3% | 52.5% | 91.4% | 31.0% | 0.056 | ||
| ALP | ICU (cutoff: 72.50) | 0.569 | 0.069 | 0.434-0.704 | 81.8% | 40.0% | 84.6% | 35.3% | 0.346 | |
| Death (cutoff: 72.50) | 0.656 | 0.066 | 0.363-0.707 | 75.0% | 36.1% | 84.6% | 23.5% | 0.669 | ||
| Inflammatory biomarkers | ||||||||||
| 6 | CRP | ICU (cutoff: 103.60) | 0.806 | 0.057 | 0.695-0.917 | 81.0% | 73.0% | 85.1% | 57.8% | <0.001 |
| Death (cutoff: 123.65) | 0.823 | 0.057 | 0.712-0.934 | 91.7% | 71.7% | 92.3% | 45.0% | 0.001 | ||
| LDH | ICU (cut off: 513.00) | 0.793 | 0.062 | 0.671-0.915 | 85.7% | 70.3% | 90.3% | 60.0% | <0.001 | |
| Death (cut off: 574.50) | 0.877 | 0.045 | 0.788-0.966 | 91.7% | 73.9% | 97.3% | 45.8% | <0.001 | ||
| Ferritin | ICU (cut off: 338.28) | 0.687 | 0.078 | 0.534-0.840 | 81.0% | 56.8% | 86.7% | 50.0% | 0.019 | |
| Death (cut off: 388.51) | 0.658 | 0.084 | 0.493-0.822 | 83.3% | 54.3% | 93.9% | 33.3% | 0.095 | ||