Table 1.
Characteristics of 31 COVID-19 patients with In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (IHCA).
| Characteristic | Total (N = 31) | Non-ICU (N = 7) | ICU (N = 24) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age (IQR – yr) | 69 (57–76) | 69 (57–77) | 69 (56–76) | 0.77 |
| Male sex – no. (%) | 22 (71) | 6 (86) | 16 (67) | 0.64 |
| Median body mass index | 26.9 (23–31) | 25.0 (21–29) | 27.4 (24–33) | 0.29 |
| Race or ethnic group – no. (%) | ||||
| White | 8 (26) | 2 (27) | 6 (25) | 1.00 |
| African American | 13 (42) | 4 (57) | 9 (38) | 0.40 |
| Hispanic | 6 (19) | 1 (14) | 5 (21) | 1.00 |
| Asian | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | 1.00 |
| Other | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | 1.00 |
| Comorbidities – no. (%) | ||||
| Heart disease | 17 (55) | 7 (100) | 10 (42) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 13 (42) | 3 (38) | 10 (43) | 0.67 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 (19) | 3 (43) | 3 (13) | 0.11 |
| End stage renal disease | 3 (10) | 0 (0) | 3 (12.5) | 1.00 |
| Asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 13 (42) | 2 (29) | 11 (46) | 0.67 |
| Venous thromboembolism | 2 (6) | 1 (14) | 1 (4) | 0.41 |
| Cancer | 5 (16) | 1 (14) | 4 (17) | 1.00 |
| Median laboratory values on admission – (IQR) | ||||
| Absolute lymphocyte count – K/uL | 0.85 (0.7–1.1) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.4) | 0.30 |
| Creatinine – mg/dL | 1.3 (0.9–7.0) | 7.0 (1.3–8.7) | 1.1 (0.8–1.9) | 0.06 |
| Ferritin – ng/ml | 1322 (814–3398) | 2698 (1317–6349) | 1232 (764–2929) | 0.17 |
| C-reactive protein – mg/L | 199 (73–253) | 238 (73–245) | 183 (73–260) | 0.77 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase – U/L | 772 (465–1243) | 1258 (1160–2458) | 685 (463–963 | 0.06 |
| D-dimer – mg/ml | 0.95 (0.35–2.48) | 2.6 (1.40–3.54) | 0.83 (0.35–2.07) | 0.04 |
| Interleukin 6 – pg/mL | 92 (48–206) | 255 (96–1046) | 87 (48–179) | 0.32 |
| Lactate – mmol/L | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.3 (0.8–1.6) | 0.87 |
| Median laboratory values on day of IHCA – (IQR) | ||||
| Absolute lymphocyte count – K/μL | 0.65 (0.3–0.9) | 0.6 (0.5–1.9) | 0.7 (0.4–0.9) | 0.35 |
| Creatinine – mg/dL | 3.0 (1.0–6.3) | 3.0 (1.0–7.4) | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | 0.39 |
| Ferritin – ng/ml | 2137 (1078–4462) | 4003 (1317–8876) | 2111 (918–3172) | 0.18 |
| C-reactive protein – mg/L | 171 (64–286) | 207 (171–240) | 111 (64–294) | 0.45 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase – U/L | 915 (692–1131) | 1026 (597–2458) | 914 (704–1097) | 0.78 |
| D-dimer – mg/ml | 3.75 (2.63–8.92) | 6.24 (3.64–10.82) | 3.38 (2.26–8.13) | 0.26 |
| Lactate – mmol/L | 2.8 (1.7–9.8) | 3.4 (1.7–8.1) | 2.8 (1.07–9.8) | 1.00 |
| Treatment for COVID-19 – no. (%) | ||||
| Corticosteroids | 24 (77) | 3 (43) | 21 (88) | 0.03 |
| Azithromycin | 28 (90) | 5 (7) | 23 (96) | 0.56 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 26 (84) | 4 (57) | 22 (92) | 0.06 |
| Therapeutic anticoagulation | 20 (65) | 2 (29) | 18 (75) | 0.07 |
| Anti-interleukin-6 | 13 (42) | 1 (14) | 12 (50) | 0.19 |
| Convalescent plasma | 3 (9.68) | 0 (0) | 3 (13) | 1.00 |
| Remdesivir | 1 (3.23) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 1.00 |
| Oxygen delivery at time of IHCA – no. (%) | ||||
| Low-flow nasal cannula | 2 (6) | 1 (14) | 1 (4) | 0.40 |
| Non-rebreather | 1 (3) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.23 |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 6 (19) | 2 (29) | 4 (17) | 0.60 |
| High-flow nasal cannula | 4 (13) | 1 (14) | 3 (13) | 1.00 |
| Mechanical ventilator | 18 (58) | 2 (29) | 16 (67) | 0.09 |
| Severity of illness markers at time of IHCA | ||||
| P/F ratio – median (IQR) | 77 (61–123) | 153 (68–263) | 72 (59–114) | 0.12 |
| Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score – mean (SD) | 9 (4–13) | 4 (3–5) | 12 (5.5–14) | 0.01 |
| Characteristics of IHCA | ||||
| Initial rhythm – no. (%) | ||||
| PEA | 18 (58) | 5 (71) | 13 (54) | 0.70 |
| Asystole | 9 (29) | 1 (14) | 8 (33) | 0.60 |
| VF/VT | 4 (13) | 1 (14) | 3 (13) | 1.00 |
| ROSC | 20 (65) | 3 (43) | 17 (71) | 0.20 |
| Shock delivered | 7 (23) | 3 (43) | 4 (17) | 0.30 |
| Survived cardiac event (>20 min) | 13 (42) | 1 (14) | 12 (50) | 0.20 |
| Median arrest time (IQR – min) | 14 (8–20) | 12 (10–21) | 15 (7–19) | 0.40 |
| Etiology of arrest – no. (%) | ||||
| Respiratory | 24 (77) | 7 (100) | 17 (71) | 0.16 |
| Metabolic | 5 (16) | 0 (0) | 5 (21) | 0.56 |
| Cardiac | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | 1.00 |
| Characteristics of hospital stay (IQR – days) median | ||||
| Hospital LOS | 13 (5–12) | 5 (2–9) | 14 (11–22) | 0.003 |
| Intensive care unit LOS | 5 (1–14) | 0.0 | 11 (2–15) | <0.001 |
| Ventilator days | 2 (1–9) | 1 (0–1) | 5 (1–12) | 0.003 |
| Admission to cardiac arrest | 12 (4–16) | 4 (1–8) | 13 (10–19) | 0.003 |
| Survived cardiac event to mortality (IQR – hours) median | 2.8 (1.5–13.3) | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) | 3.7 (1.6–13.7) | 0.28 |
| Mortality | 31 (100) | 7 (100) | 24 (100) | |