Table 2.
Summary of data analyzing toxic/adverse effects of potential therapy for COVID-19 disease.
| Medicine(s) | Study type | Toxic/adverse effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ritonavir | In vivo (humans) | Hepatotoxicity/abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting diarrhea and jaundice | Sulkowski et al. (2000) |
| In vivo (humans) | Severe bleeding in patients with hemophilia | Nolan et al. (2005) | |
| In vivo (humans) | Lower bone mineral density | Tebas et al. (2000) | |
| In vivo (humans) | Decrease in HDL Increase in LDL | Nolan et al. (2005) | |
| Lopinavir | In vivo (humans) | Hepatotoxicity | Núñez (2006) |
| Remdesivir | In vitro | Hepatotoxicity | WHO (2018) |
| In vivo (animals) | Nephrotoxicity | WHO (2018) | |
| In vivo (humans) | Reproductive toxicity | WHO (2018) | |
| In vivo (humans) | Hepatic enzymes elevation, hypotension, renal impairment, rash, diarrhea, acute kidney injury, hypotension, septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome | Grein et al. (2020) | |
| In vivo (humans) | AST and ALT elevation, hypotension | Mulangu et al. (2019) | |
| Chloroquine | In vivo (humans) | Retinotoxicity, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and skin rash | Yusuf et al. (2018) |
| In vivo (humans) | Cardiac arrest | Tingbo (2020) | |
| Umifenovir | In vivo (humans) | Transaminase elevation, gastrointestinal symptoms | Wang et al. (2004) |
| In vivo (animals) | Weight loss and hair loss | Zhou et al. (2006) | |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | In vivo (humans) | Retinal damage | (Louie and Jones, 2019; Papavasileiou et al., 2017) |
| In vivo (humans) | Elevated triglyceride levels | Greffrath et al. (2018) | |
| In vivo (humans) | Hepatotoxicity/increased AST and ALT Dyslipidemia diarrhea, nausea asthenia, abdominal pain, vomiting headache and rash |
Corbett et al. (2002) | |
| In vivo (humans) | Cardiotoxicity in premature twins | McArthur et al. (2009) | |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir + interferon beta | / | / | / |
| Chloroquine + azithromycin | In vivo (humans) | Serious side effect of vomiting | Sagara et al. (2014) |
| Chloroquine + remdesivir | / | / | / |
/– no reported data.