Table 4.
Comparison of hopelessness, STAI-S and STAI-T levels according to the place of residence, having difficulty in childcare, having a high-risk individual at home, change in income, hand washing behavior and change in anxiety level.
| Hopelessness |
STAI-S |
STAI-T |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
| Place of residence | |||
| Metropolitan (n:1431) | 6.54 ± 5.15 | 52.57 ± 10.61 | 42.61 ± 7.32 |
| City or county (n:725) | 7.12 ± 5.36a | 53.84 ± 10.57a | 44.18 ± 8.11a |
| Comparison+ | t = −2.407; p = 0.018 | t = −2.620; p = 0.009 | t = −4.319; p < 0.001 |
| Difficulty in Child care | |||
| Yes (n:666) | 7.44 ± 5.41b | 57.27 ± 9.88b | 43.19 ± 7.79b |
| No (n:701) | 5.99 ± 4.97 | 50.69 ± 9.81 | 42.16 ± 7.07 |
| Comparison+ | t = −5.135; p < 0.001 | t = −12.363; p < 0.001 | t = −2.546; p = 0.011 |
| High-risk individual at home | |||
| Yes (n:803) | 7.27 ± 5.35c | 54.59 ± 10.12c | 43.72 ± 8.31c |
| No (n:1353) | 6.42 ± 5.13 | 52.05 ± 10.79 | 42.79 ± 7.72 |
| Comparison+ |
t = −3.684; p < 0.001 |
t = −5.495; p < 0.001 |
t = −4.319; p = 0.01 |
| Median (IR) | Median (IR) | Median (IR) | |
|
Income |
|||
| Decrease (n:646) | 6 (8)d | 54 (14)d | 43 (11) |
| Stay same (n:1473 | 5 (8) | 53 (14) | 43 (10) |
| Comparison++ | z = −2.056; p = 0.040 | z = −2.361; p = 0.018 | z = −0.901; p = 0.368 |
| Hand washing | |||
| Increase (n:1963) | 5 (8) | 54 (14)e | 43 (10) |
| Stay same (n:188) | 4 (8) | 48 (14) | 42 (12) |
| Comparison++ | z = −1.140; p = 0.254 | z = −6.915; p < 0.001 | z = −0.546; p = 0.585 |
| Anxiety | |||
| Increase (n:1929) | 6 (8)f | 55 (13)f | 43 (10)f |
| Stay same (n:222) | 3 (6) | 41 (12) | 40 (12) |
| Comparison++ | z = −6.159; p < 0.001 | z = −16.624; p < 0.001 | z = −5.516; p < 0.001 |
+Independent -Samples T Test, ++Mann-Whitney U Test, STAI-S: State–Trait Anxiety Inventory-State, STAI-T: State–Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait, SD: Standart Deviation, IR: Interquartile Range.
Significantly higher than in people who lives in metropolitan.
Significantly higher than those who have no difficulties in childcare.
Significantly higher than those have no high-risk individual at home.
Significantly higher than in people whom income stay same.
Significantly higher than those with stay same hand washing behavior.
Significantly higher than people with stay same anxiety levels.