Table 2.
Univariable logistic regression analysis of the risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy.
| Total (n = 520) | DR (n = 54) | Non-DR (n = 446) | OR (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) | |||||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 241 (46.35) | 19 (35.19) | 222 (47.64) | 1 | Ref |
| Female | 279 (53.65) | 35 (64.81) | 244 (52.36) | 1.68 (0.93–3.02) | 0.085 |
| Occupation | |||||
| Peasant | 285 (54.81) | 34 (62.96) | 251 (53.86) | 1 | Ref |
| Other | 235 (45.19) | 20 (37.04) | 215 (46.14) | 0.69 (0.38–1.23) | 0.203 |
| Educational level | |||||
| Illiterate or no education | 239 (45.96) | 29 (53.70) | 210 (45.06) | 1 | Ref |
| Primary education and above | 281 (54.04) | 25 (46.30) | 256 (54.94) | 0.71 (0.40–1.24) | 0.228 |
| Individual monthly income | |||||
| ≤¥2,000 | 406 (78.08) | 38 (70.37) | 368 (78.97) | 1 | Ref |
| >¥2,000 | 114 (21.92) | 16 (29.63) | 98 (21.03) | 1.58 (0.85–2.95) | 0.148 |
| Diabetes diagnosis | |||||
| Newly | 137 (26.35) | 17 (31.48) | 120 (25.75) | 1 | Ref |
| Previously | 383 (73.65) | 37 (68.52) | 346 (74.25) | 0.75 (0.41–1.39) | 0.367 |
| Insulin | |||||
| No | 450 (86.54) | 47 (86.48) | 403 (86.48) | 1 | Ref |
| Yes | 70 (13.46) | 7 (13.52) | 63 (13.52) | 0.953 (0.41–2.20) | 0.910 |
| Self-reported glycemic control | |||||
| Poor | 458 (88.08) | 52 (96.30) | 406 (87.12) | 1 | Ref |
| Good | 62 (11.92) | 2 (3.70) | 60 (12.88) | 0.26 (0.06–1.10) | 0.067 |
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | 159 (30.58) | 14 (25.93) | 145 (31.12) | 1 | Ref |
| Yes | 361 (69.42) | 40 (74.07) | 321 (68.88) | 1.529 (0.70–3.35) | 0.289 |
| Smoking | |||||
| No | 402 (77.31) | 44 (81.48) | 358 (76.82) | 1 | Ref |
| Yes | 118 (22.69) | 10 (18.52) | 108 (23.18) | 0.75 (0.37–1.55) | 0.44 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| No | 404 (77.69) | 44 (81.48) | 360 (77.25) | 1 | Ref |
| Yes | 116 (22.31) | 10 (18.52) | 106 (22.75) | 0.77 (0.38–1.59) | 0.481 |
| Type of tea consumption | |||||
| Non-tea consumption | 331 (63.65) | 39 (72.22) | 292 (62.66) | 1 | Ref |
| Green tea | 168 (32.31) | 13 (24.07) | 155 (33.26) | 0.63 (0.33–1.21) | 0.165 |
| Non-green tea | 21 (4.04) | 2 (3.70) | 19 (4.08) | 0.79 (0.18–3.51) | 0.755 |
| Frequency of tea consumption | |||||
| Non-tea consumption | 331 (63.65) | 39 (72.22) | 292 (62.66) | 1 | Ref |
| 1–5 times/week | 19 (3.65) | 3 (5.56) | 16 (3.43) | 1.40 (0.39–5.04) | 0.603 |
| >5 times/week | 170 (32.69) | 12 (22.22) | 158 (33.91) | 0.57 (0.29–1.12) | 0.101 |
| Duration of tea consumption group | |||||
| Non-tea consumption | 331 (63.65) | 39 (72.22) | 292 (62.66) | 1 | Ref |
| 1~19 years | 50 (9.62) | 9 (16.67) | 41 (8.80) | 1.64 (0.74–3.64) | 0.221 |
| ≥20 years | 139 (26.73) | 6 (11.11) | 133 (28.54) | 0.34 (0.14–0.82) | 0.016 |
|
| |||||
| Mean (standard deviation) | |||||
| Age (y) | 67.05 ± 5.99 | 67.13 ± 5.61 | 67.04 ± 6.04 | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 0.918 |
| Duration of tea consumption (y) | 10.87 ± 17.24 | 5.54 ± 11.83 | 11.48 ± 17.67 | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.020 |
| Duration of diabetes (y) | 5.41 ± 5.80 | 6.33 ± 7.80 | 5.30 ± 5.52 | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 0.218 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.34 ± 3.06 | 24.74 ± 3.01 | 24.40 ± 3.00 | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 0.584 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 7.72 ± 2.02 | 8.31 ± 2.82 | 7.71 ± 1.89 | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | 0.075 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.70 ± 0.97 | 4.60 ± 0.93 | 4.71 ± 1.00 | 0.91 (0.67–1.24) | 0.540 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.60 ± 1.08 | 1.48 ± 0.67 | 1.65 ± 1.22 | 0.81 (0.57–1.16) | 0.257 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.34 ± 0.36 | 1.30 ± 0.29 | 1.34 ± 0.36 | 0.64 (0.27–1.55) | 0.324 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.77 ± 0.79 | 2.77 ± 0.71 | 2.77 ± 0.82 | 1.07 (0.74–1.55) | 0.727 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 149.46 ± 19.40 | 152.79 ± 18.81 | 149.3 ± 18.92 | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 0.063 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 86.99 ± 11.09 | 86.24 ± 11.36 | 87.14 ± 10.83 | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 0.909 |
Note. DR: diabetic retinopathy; non-DR: nondiabetic retinopathy; OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confident interval; BMI: body mass index; FBG: fasting blood glucose; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure. Bold type indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05).