Algorithm 1. QPSO pseudocode.

1: Step 1: Setting population size and random initialization of particle positions and velocities.

2: Begin

3:  While optimal solution not reached yet, do:

4:    For each particle i

5:      Step 2: Update the particles positions using Equation (13)

6:      Step 3: Evaluation of particles fitness according to required objective function

7:      Step 4: Calculate fitness of each particle (pbest and gbest) using Equation (14)

8:      end for

9:    Step 5: Update pbest, gbest, and p using Equation (15)

10:   End While

11: End