Table 2. Adjusted Relative Risk of Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Severe Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Diabetes Diagnosis From March 13 Through May 13, 2020, During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Compared With the Same Periods in 2019 and 2018.

	COVID-19 period in 2020 vs same period
	2019		2018
	aRR (95% CI)	P value	aRR (95% CI)	P value
Diabetic ketoacidosisa
All patientsb	1.84 (1.54-2.21)	<.001	1.85 (1.54-2.24)	<.001
Age group, yc
<6	2.75 (1.88-4.02)	<.001	2.12 (1.48-3.02)	<.001
6-11	1.51 (1.16-1.98)	.003	1.54 (1.16-2.04)	.003
12-18	1.73 (1.25-2.38)	<.001	2.15 (1.51-3.08)	<.001
Sexd
Male	1.70 (1.34-2.16)	<.001	2.11 (1.61-2.76)	<.001
Female	2.01 (1.52-2.64)	<.001	1.63 (1.25-2.12)	<.001
Immigrant backgrounde
Yes	1.96 (1.42-2-71)	<.001	1.88 (1.36-2.60)	<.001
No	1.78 (1.43-2.22)	<.001	1.84 (1.46-2.31)	<.001
Severe diabetic ketoacidosisa
All patientsb	1.37 (1.04-1.81)	.03	1.55 (1.15-2.10)	.004
Age group, yc
<6	1.90 (1.12-3.23)	.02	2.06 (1.16-3.65)	.01
6-11	1.30 (0.85-1.99)	.23	1.37 (0.87-2.15)	.17
12-18	1.03 (0.61-1.75)	.90	1.39 (0.79-2.47)	.25
Sexd
Male	1.16 (0.83-1.64)	.38	1.79 (1.19-2.70)	.006
Female	1.77 (1.10-2.83)	.02	1.31 (0.84-2.06)	.24
Immigrant backgrounde
Yes	1.57 (0.97-2.54)	.06	1.68 (1.01-2.77)	.04
No	1.26 (0.89-1.79)	.18	1.49 (1.03-2.17)	.04

Abbreviations: aRR, adjusted relative risk; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.

aDiabetic ketoacidosis: pH level <7.3 and/or serum bicarbonate level <15 mmol/L; severe diabetic ketoacidosis: pH level <7.1 and/or serum bicarbonate level <5 mmol/L.

^bAdjusted for age at diabetes onset, sex, and immigrant background.

^cAdjusted for sex and immigrant background.

^dAdjusted for age at diabetes onset and immigrant background.

^eAdjusted for age at diabetes onset and sex. Immigrant background was defined as patient or at least 1 parent born outside Germany.