Figure 5.
geNorm analysis results. (a) and (c) M values (Average expression stability) calculated by step-wise elimination of the least stable gene indicated the stability of reference genes. (b) and (d) Pairwise variation (Vn/n+1) calculated from the normalization factor indicates the number of reference genes required for qPCR normalization. Here, V3/4 (V = 0.148) for long-term cultivation and V2/3 (V = 0.134) for fed-batch culture revealed that three and two reference genes should be used for calibration, respectively.