Table 1.

Characteristics of participants by living arrangement

Variables	Categories	Total	Living with others	Living alone	P-value
Total		100.0%a (Nb = 15,934)	92.0%a (nb = 14,351)	8.0%a (nb = 1583)
Socio-demographic characteristics
Age	19–39	38.2	39.1	28.4	<  0.001
	40–64	46.7	47.8	33.8
	65 and older	15.1	13.1	37.8
Sex	Male	49.1	49.4	45.0	<  0.05
	Female	50.9	50.6	55.0
Marital status	Single	22.7	21.5	36.5	<  0.001
	Married	77.3	78.5	63.5
Education level	Elementary school or lower	16.6	14.6	38.8	<  0.001
	Middle to high school	47.3	48.3	36.1
	College or higher	36.1	37.1	25.1
Economic level	Lowest	15.3	12.8	44.7	<  0.001
	Lower-middle, or upper-middle	54.2	55.5	39.4
	Highest	30.5	31.7	15.9
Employment status	Unemployed/non-economic activity	37.4	36.6	46.7	<  0.001
	Employed	62.6	63.4	53.3
Health-related characteristics
Self-rated health status	Very poor	3.3	2.9	8.9	<  0.001
	Poor	13.8	13.2	20.2
	Fair	50.8	51.3	45.1
	Good	27.0	27.5	20.7
	Very good	5.1	5.1	5.1
BMI	Underweight	4.8	4.8	4.0	0.130
	Normal	62.8	63.0	61.0
	Overweight	32.4	32.2	35.0
Diagnosis of chronic diseases	Yes	49.1	47.8	63.6	<  0.001
	No	50.9	52.2	36.4
Diagnosis of depression	Yes	4.3	3.9	8.9	<  0.001
	No	95.7	96.1	91.1
Stress	Low	73.7	73.8	72.4	0.300
	High	26.3	26.2	27.6
Sleep duration per day	≤ 5 h	15.1	14.2	25.7	<  0.001
	6–8 h	77.9	78.8	67.4
	≥ 9 h	7.0	7.0	6.9

Note: The missing data was less than 5% and non-responses were excluded from the analysis. P-values were determined using Chi-square tests with complex sample analysis

BMI Body mass index

^aWeighted percentages calculated by a complex sample analysis

^bUnweighted number