Table 4.
Factors associated with having at least one AGE episode during a winter season (univariate and multivariate analysis) among the 8811 participants-season, using the AGE definition of the WHO expert group
| univariate analysis | multivariate analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | N* | Case N (%) | OR [IC 95%] | p-value | OR [IC 95%] | p-value | |
| Season | 2014–2015 | 3905 | 574 (15%) | – | < 0.001 | – | < 0.001 |
| 2015–2016 | 4906 | 682 (14%) | 0.92 [0.82–1.03] | 0.92 [0.82–1.04] | |||
| 2016–2017 | 5164 | 568 (11%) | 0.71 [0.63–0.80] | 0.68 [0.60–0.78] | |||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||
| Gender | Female | 8381 | 1168 (14%) | – | < 0.001 | – | < 0.001 |
| Male | 5594 | 656 (12%) | 0.82 [0.74–0.92] | 0.81 [0.72–0.91] | |||
| Age (years) | 15 to 59 | 7171 | 1018 (14%) | – | – | ||
| < 10 | 461 | 146 (32%) | 2.82 [2.27–3.51] | 2.33 [1.35–4.02] | |||
| 10 to 14 | 347 | 60 (17%) | 1.26 [0.93–1.71] | < 0.001 | 1.09 [0.60–1.95] | < 0.001 | |
| ≥ 60 | 5978 | 596 (10%) | 0.67 [0.59–0.75] | 0.70 [0.61–0.80] | |||
| Household composition | Living with adults only | 7266 | 833 (11%) | – | – | ||
| Living alone | 2217 | 309 (14%) | 1.22 [1.05–1.43] | < 0.001 | 1.20 [1.03–1.41] | 0.052 | |
| Living with ≥1 child | 4443 | 675 (15%) | 1.37 [1.22–1.53] | 0.95 [0.83–1.10] | |||
| Main activity | Working | 6595 | 905 (14%) | – | |||
| Student | 1287 | 262 (20%) | 1.61 [1.37–1.89] | ||||
| Unemployed | 370 | 53 (14%) | 1.03 [0.75–1.42] | ||||
| Retired | 4959 | 494 (10%) | 0.69 [0.61–0.78] | ||||
| Stay at home/Sick leave | 506 | 56 (11%) | 0.79 [0.58–1.07] | < 0.001 | |||
| Level of education | High school diploma | 2564 | 316 (12%) | – | – | ||
| Middle school diploma | 2211 | 221 (10%) | 0.80 [0.66–0.97] | 0.78 [0.64–0.95] | |||
| Higher education | 7488 | 1048 (13%) | 1.05 [0.91–1.22] | < 0.001 | 1.00 [0.86–1.16] | 0.031 | |
| Not concerned | 961 | 228 (24%) | 2.23 [1.82–2.74] | 1.19 [0.71–1.99] | |||
| Place of residency | Rural | 2696 | 360 (13%) | – | |||
| Urban | 11,279 | 1464 (13%) | 0.97 [0.85–1.10] | 0.605 | |||
| Exposure | |||||||
| Use of public transportation | No | 11,787 | 1450 (13%) | – | |||
| Yes | 2188 | 284 (13%) | 0.98 [0.85–1.13] | 0.815 | |||
| Pets at home | None | 7689 | 933 (12%) | – | – | ||
| At least one | 6264 | 889 (14%) | 1.20 [1.08–1.33] | < 0.001 | 1.18 [1.06–1.32] | 0.009 | |
| Contact with patients | No | 12,556 | 1603 (13%) | – | |||
| Yes | 1424 | 221 (16%) | 1.26 [1.08–1.48] | 0.003 | |||
| Contact with elderly | No | 12,551 | 1653 (13%) | – | |||
| Yes | 1424 | 171 (12%) | 0.90 [0.76–1.07] | 0.226 | |||
| Contact with a group of people | No | 9535 | 1212 (13%) | – | |||
| Yes | 4440 | 612 (14%) | 1.10 [0.99–1.22] | 0.091 | |||
| Contact with children | No | 10,587 | 1489 (12%) | – | |||
| Yes | 3388 | 335 (16%) | 1.33 [1.18–1.49] | < 0.001 | |||
| Health characteristics | |||||||
| Common cold frequency | Never | 6076 | 634 (10%) | – | – | ||
| Rare | 5031 | 652 (13%) | 1.24 [1.10–1.39] | < 0.001 | 1.14 [1.01–1.29] | < 0.001 | |
| Often | 2510 | 500 (20%) | 2.05 [1.79–2.34] | 1.58 [1.37–1.82] | |||
| Smoking status | Non smoker | 12,466 | 1624 (13%) | – | |||
| Smoker | 1493 | 198 (13%) | 1.02 [0.86–1.20] | 0.860 | |||
| Comorbiditiesa | No comorbidities | 10,987 | 1407 (13%) | – | – | ||
| At least one comorbidity | 2988 | 417 (14%) | 1.10 [0.97–1.25] | 0.136 | 1.18 [1.03–1.36] | 0.004 | |
| Treated asthma | 841 | 138 (16%) | 1.32 [1.08–1.62] | 0.008 | |||
| Treated diabetes | 526 | 75 (14%) | 1.10 [0.83–1.46] | 0.508 | |||
| Treated heart condition | 1400 | 172 (12%) | 0.94 [0.79–1.12] | 0.522 | |||
| Treated kidney condition | 87 | 9 (10%) | 0.73 [0.33–1.59] | 0.425 | |||
| Treated immunosuppression | 386 | 68 (18%) | 1.43 [1.07–1.91] | 0.017 | |||
| Treated pulmonary condition | 365 | 52 (14%) | 1.08 [0.80–1.45] | 0.633 | |||
| Respiratory allergy | None | 9254 | 1131 (12%) | – | – | ||
| At least one | 4721 | 693 (15%) | 1.23 [1.10–1.37] | < 0.001 | 1.20 [1.07–1.35] | < 0.001 | |
| BMI | Normal weight (18.5 to 24[) | 6923 | 976 (12%) | – | – | ||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 1126 | 93 (15%) | 1.26 [1.00–1.60] | 0.99 [0.77–1.26] | |||
| Overweight (25 to 29) | 3340 | 459 (12%) | 1.00 [0.88–1.14] | 0.005 | 1.16 [1.02–1.33] | < 0.001 | |
| Obese (≥ 30) | 1347 | 240 (16%) | 1.30 [1.10–1.54] | 1.35 [1.13–1.61] | |||
aWe only include the gathered variable “At least one comorbidity” in the final model, none of the individual one listed below