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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 21.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropsychology. 2018 Nov 26;33(2):157–168. doi: 10.1037/neu0000500

Table 2.

Test Scores and Group Differences for Measures of General Cognitive and Motor Ability

HIV
M (SD)
PD-on
M (SD)
PD-offb
M (SD)
C
M (SD)
p-valuea Effect Size
(η2p)
Pairwise Comparisons
Groups [95% CId] p-value
Cognitive
DRS-2
[CI]
138.62 (3.95)
[137.4, 139.9]
138.64 (3.11)
[137.4, 139.8]
- 140.8 (2.02)
[139.4, 142.2]
0.025 0.10 HIV = PD [−2.62, 1.03] ns
HIV< C [−4.36, −0.68] 0.008
PD ≤ C [−3.56, −0.105] 0.064
ATT
[CI]
35.88 (1.37)
[35.3, 36.3]
35.93 (1.12)
[35.6, 36.5]
- 36.19 (0.81)
[35.7, 36.7]
0.54 0.02
I/P
[CI]
36.00 (1.94)
[35.3, 36.3]
36.43 (0.84)
[36.1, 37.1]
- 36.71 (0.56)
[36.1, 37.2]
0.046 0.08 HIV< C [−1.59, −0.12] 0.024
HIV <
PD [−1.49, −0.03] 0.042
CTR
[CI]
5.81 (0.49)
[5.6, 6.0]
5.79 (0.57)
[5.6, 6.0]
- 5.95 (0.22)
[5.7, 6.1]
0.42 0.02
CPT
[CI]
37.12 (1.71)
[36.4, 37.7]
37.50 (1.60)
[37.0,38.2]
- 37.90 (1.30)
[37.2, 38.6]
0.19 0.05
MEM
[CI]
23.81 (1.02)
[23.3, 24.3]
23.00 (1.41)
[22.6, 23.5]
- 24.05 (0.92)
[23.5, 24.6]
0.012 0.12 PD< C [−1.71, −0.33] 0.004
PD < HIV [−1.44, −0.07] 0.031
Motor
UPDRS I
[CI]
8.63 (6.20)
[6.66, 10.59]
7.93 (4.71)
[6.14, 9.72]
- 2.33 (2.73)
[0.23, 4.43]
<0.0001 0.25 HIV = PD [−1.28, 4.37] ns
HIV > C [3.74, 9.47] 0.0001
PD > C [2.52, 7.86] 0.001
UPDRS II
[CI]
2.13 (2.79)
[0.11, 4.14]
9.38 (7.46)
[7.54, 11.22]
10.50 (7.30)
[8.46, 12.54]
0.29 (0.64)
[−1.87, 2.44]
<0.0001 0.35 HIV < PD [−9.2, −3.42] 0.0001
HIV = C [−5.12, 0.76] 0.07
PD > C [5.62, 11.37] 0.0001
UPDRS III
[CI]
4.04 (4.18)
[1.64, 6.45]
16.55 (8.17)
[14.4, 18.7]
22.34 (9.99)
[20.2, 25.1]
2.05 (3.23)
[−0.52, 4.62]
<0.0001 0.52 HIV < PD [−15.19, −8.23] 0.0001
HIV = C [−1.25, 5.82] ns
PD > C [10.54, 17.46] 0.0001
Tremor
[CI]
0.88 (2.07)
[−0.16, 1.91]
5.14 (3.49)
[4.20, 6.08]
7.76 (5.37)
[6.26, 9.16]
0.48 (0.93)
[−0.63, 1.58]
<0.0001 0.39 HIV < PD [−5.60, −2.62] 0.0001
HIV = C [−1.07, 1.95] ns
PD > C [3.06, 6.04] 0.0001
Bradykinesia
[CI]
2.21 (2.65)
[1.20, 3.22]
5.17 (2.73)
[4.26, 6.09]
6.83 (3.16)
[6.01, 7.99]
1.14 (1.80)
[0.07, 2.22]
<0.0001 0.29 HIV < PD [−3.96, −1.05] 0.001
HIV > C [−0.16, 2.79] 0.039
PD > C [2.37, 5.27] 0.0001
Ataxia (SARA)
[CI]
1.00 (1.48)
[0.34, 1.66]
2.16 (2.16)
[1.55, 2.76]
2.41 (2.71)
[1.61, 3.39]
0.38 (0.59)
[−0.33, 1.09]
0.004 0.14 HIV ≤ PD [−1.88, 0.01] 0.053
HIV = C [−0.28, 1.64] ns
PD > C [0.67, 2.56] 0.001

Abbreviations: M=mean, (SD)=standard deviation; CI=95% confidence interval; CId= confidence interval for difference; DRS–2=Dementia Rating Scale-2nd Edition (DRS–2; Jurica, Leitten, & Mattis, 2004), ATT indicates attention; I/P, initiation/perseveration; CTR, Construction; CPT, Conceptualization; MEM, Memory.; Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA; Schmitz-Hübsch et al., 2006); Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part I (mentation, non-motor aspects of daily living), part II (motor aspects of daily living), part III (motor exam) (Fahn & Elton, 1987)

a

ANCOVA and MANCOVAs using age as covariate comparing HIV, PD-on, and C; pairwise comparisons with LSD adjustment for multiple comparisons.

b

PD showed fewer motor symptoms on– than off–dopaminergic medication for UPDRS-III, bradykinesia, and tremor (paired samples t-tests).