Table 2.
Test Scores and Group Differences for Measures of General Cognitive and Motor Ability
| HIV M (SD) |
PD-on M (SD) |
PD-offb M (SD) |
C M (SD) |
p-valuea | Effect Size (η2p) |
Pairwise Comparisons Groups [95% CId] p-value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive | |||||||
| DRS-2 [CI] |
138.62 (3.95) [137.4, 139.9] |
138.64 (3.11) [137.4, 139.8] |
- | 140.8 (2.02) [139.4, 142.2] |
0.025 | 0.10 | HIV = PD [−2.62, 1.03] ns
HIV< C [−4.36, −0.68] 0.008 PD ≤ C [−3.56, −0.105] 0.064 |
| ATT [CI] |
35.88 (1.37) [35.3, 36.3] |
35.93 (1.12) [35.6, 36.5] |
- | 36.19 (0.81) [35.7, 36.7] |
0.54 | 0.02 | |
| I/P [CI] |
36.00 (1.94) [35.3, 36.3] |
36.43 (0.84) [36.1, 37.1] |
- | 36.71 (0.56) [36.1, 37.2] |
0.046 | 0.08 | HIV< C [−1.59, −0.12] 0.024 HIV < PD [−1.49, −0.03] 0.042 |
| CTR [CI] |
5.81 (0.49) [5.6, 6.0] |
5.79 (0.57) [5.6, 6.0] |
- | 5.95 (0.22) [5.7, 6.1] |
0.42 | 0.02 | |
| CPT [CI] |
37.12 (1.71) [36.4, 37.7] |
37.50 (1.60) [37.0,38.2] |
- | 37.90 (1.30) [37.2, 38.6] |
0.19 | 0.05 | |
| MEM [CI] |
23.81 (1.02) [23.3, 24.3] |
23.00 (1.41) [22.6, 23.5] |
- | 24.05 (0.92) [23.5, 24.6] |
0.012 | 0.12 | PD< C [−1.71, −0.33] 0.004 PD < HIV [−1.44, −0.07] 0.031 |
| Motor | |||||||
| UPDRS I
[CI] |
8.63 (6.20) [6.66, 10.59] |
7.93 (4.71) [6.14, 9.72] |
- | 2.33 (2.73) [0.23, 4.43] |
<0.0001 | 0.25 | HIV = PD [−1.28, 4.37] ns
HIV > C [3.74, 9.47] 0.0001 PD > C [2.52, 7.86] 0.001 |
| UPDRS II [CI] |
2.13 (2.79) [0.11, 4.14] |
9.38 (7.46) [7.54, 11.22] |
10.50 (7.30) [8.46, 12.54] |
0.29 (0.64) [−1.87, 2.44] |
<0.0001 | 0.35 | HIV < PD [−9.2, −3.42] 0.0001 HIV = C [−5.12, 0.76] 0.07 PD > C [5.62, 11.37] 0.0001 |
| UPDRS III
[CI] |
4.04 (4.18) [1.64, 6.45] |
16.55 (8.17) [14.4, 18.7] |
22.34 (9.99) [20.2, 25.1] |
2.05 (3.23) [−0.52, 4.62] |
<0.0001 | 0.52 | HIV < PD [−15.19, −8.23] 0.0001 HIV = C [−1.25, 5.82] ns PD > C [10.54, 17.46] 0.0001 |
| Tremor [CI] |
0.88 (2.07) [−0.16, 1.91] |
5.14 (3.49) [4.20, 6.08] |
7.76 (5.37) [6.26, 9.16] |
0.48 (0.93) [−0.63, 1.58] |
<0.0001 | 0.39 | HIV < PD [−5.60, −2.62] 0.0001 HIV = C [−1.07, 1.95] ns PD > C [3.06, 6.04] 0.0001 |
| Bradykinesia [CI] |
2.21 (2.65) [1.20, 3.22] |
5.17 (2.73) [4.26, 6.09] |
6.83 (3.16) [6.01, 7.99] |
1.14 (1.80) [0.07, 2.22] |
<0.0001 | 0.29 | HIV < PD [−3.96, −1.05] 0.001 HIV > C [−0.16, 2.79] 0.039 PD > C [2.37, 5.27] 0.0001 |
| Ataxia (SARA) [CI] |
1.00 (1.48) [0.34, 1.66] |
2.16 (2.16) [1.55, 2.76] |
2.41 (2.71) [1.61, 3.39] |
0.38 (0.59) [−0.33, 1.09] |
0.004 | 0.14 | HIV ≤ PD [−1.88, 0.01] 0.053 HIV = C [−0.28, 1.64] ns PD > C [0.67, 2.56] 0.001 |
Abbreviations: M=mean, (SD)=standard deviation; CI=95% confidence interval; CId= confidence interval for difference; DRS–2=Dementia Rating Scale-2nd Edition (DRS–2; Jurica, Leitten, & Mattis, 2004), ATT indicates attention; I/P, initiation/perseveration; CTR, Construction; CPT, Conceptualization; MEM, Memory.; Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA; Schmitz-Hübsch et al., 2006); Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part I (mentation, non-motor aspects of daily living), part II (motor aspects of daily living), part III (motor exam) (Fahn & Elton, 1987)
ANCOVA and MANCOVAs using age as covariate comparing HIV, PD-on, and C; pairwise comparisons with LSD adjustment for multiple comparisons.
PD showed fewer motor symptoms on– than off–dopaminergic medication for UPDRS-III, bradykinesia, and tremor (paired samples t-tests).