Table 4.

Language Adaptation Examples of the HNC.

Strategies and terms
OK and not OK behaviors	Time out	Social rewards	Standing rules	Incorporating geographic differences
Conductas OKAY & NO OKAY	Tiempo Fuera	Elogios	Reglas Firmes y Constantes	Fósforos y cerillos (for matches)
HNC developer recommended keeping the OK and not OK (instead of conducta buena y conducta no buena) to reflect	Was translated to its conceptual and technical equivalent: Tiempo fuera.	Elogios was selected over alabanzas because alabanzas is used often in religious contexts	No Equivalent phrase in Spanish. Translation provided further clarification of strategy and concept	Automóvil was used instead of coche or carro (for car) because it was assumed to be a commonly known word across different Spanish speaking groups.
HNC’s de-emphasizing behaviors as bad/bueno or good/malo.
Panel of local experts agreed that the term OKAY is a term Latino immigrants in the United States hear and use frequently.	Other Spanish translation of parenting programs and relevant professional literature from Latin America and Spain informed decision	Panel of local experts endorsed the choice of elogios over alabanzas.	Panel of local experts endorsed the more descriptive translation.	Obedece y Desobedece (for complying and not complying) instead of cumplir. Panel of experts suggested cumplir was seldom used in relation to children’s behavior but referred more to meeting responsibilities.
Description of the attending strategy
Attending	Prestar Atención
Follows, rather than leads, the child’s activity (by a running verbal commentary, like a sportscaster narrates a game).	Seguir en vez de conducir o dirigir la actividad del niño (a través de comentarios continuos, como un locutor de deportes narrando un juego).
Used only to reinforce “OK” behaviors.	Se usa únicamente para reforzar el comportamiento “OK.”
Describe overt behavior (“You just put the red block on top of the green block.”)	Describir la conducta que se observa (“Estás poniendo el bloque rojo encima del bloque verde.”)
Emphasize desired prosocial behavior (“You’re talking in a regular voice.”)	Se usa para enfatizar la conducta prosocial deseada (“Estas hablando con un tono de voz normal”).
“Volume control” feature allows parents to raise or lower the intensity and frequency of the positive attention.	La característica de “control de volumen” permite al padre subir o bajar la intensidad y frecuencia de la atención positiva.

Note. HNC = Helping the Noncompliant Child.