Table 2.

Characteristics of included case studies.

Author, year	Age	Sex	Diagnosis	Type of surgery	Rhythm	Confirmation of CPR quality	Cause of arrest	Outcome (neurological ideally)
Al Harbi, 202017	80	Male	Spine surgery	Posterior spinal fusion with laminectomy	PEA, asystole	ETCO2 10 mmHg with prone CPR but no palpable pulse. When switched to supine, ETCO2 increased & had palpable CPR pulses	Intraoperative NSTEMI due to hypovolemia	Survived
Brock-Utne, 201118	28	Male	Pelvic fractures	Open reduction internal fixation	PEA	Systolic pressures over 80 mmHg (from arterial wave form)	Pulmonary embolus	Survived (discharged from hospital with intact neurologic status)
Burki, 201719	6	Female	Ventricle tumor excision	Posterior cranial fossa	PEA	Not discussed	Hemorrhagic shock	ROSC, died 5 days post-surgery
Chauhan, 201620	49	Male	Prolapsed intervertebral disc	Lumbar discectomy	PEA, asystole	Not discussed	Unknown	Survived
Cho, 201021	18	Female	Congenital posterior scoliosis	Deformity correction and fusion with instrumentation	PEA, VF	Not discussed	Unknown	Survived
Dequin, 199622	48	Male	Pneumonia	Prone ICU ventilation	Asystole	Arterial BP > 80/35 mmHg throughout CPR	Unknown	Survived
Dooney, 201023	43	Male	Left lower leg pain and weakness	L4–L5 microscopic discectomy	Bradycardic PEA to asystole	ETCO2 = 28 mmHg	Unknown	Survived
Gueugniaud, 199524	15	Male	Marfan’s syndrome	Correction of a right dorsal and left lumbar scoliosis	PEA to asystole. Prone CPR to Supine CPR then ROSC	No palpable carotid pulse, ETCO2 < 10 mmHg	Unknown	Survived, extubated after 18 h, full neurologic recovery
Haffner, 201025	81	Male	Cerebellar hemorrhage	Craniotomy with acute cerebellar hemorrhage	PEA	ETCO2 33 mmHg with compressions. Visible arterial BP waveform correlated with CPR	TTE confirmed intraoperative right cardiac decompensation	Vasopressors weaned day 2, recovered some neurologic function. Rearrested & died 1-month post discharge
Kaloria, 201726	1	Female	Split cord malformation type1 with tethered cord	Tethered cord release and bone spur removal	Bradycardic PEA	Not discussed	Massive venous air embolus	Survived
Kaur, 201627	14	Male	Koch’s spine	Thoracic spine deformity correction	Severe bradycardia to asystole	Not discussed	Parasympathetic stimulation	CPRx4 min then ROSC. Re-Arrested at 12 h and died
Kelleher, 199528	6 months	Female	Achondroplasia, congenital cervical cord compression	Foramen magnum decompression	Multifocal PVCs, bradycardia, asystole. 7 m prone CPR then ROSC. PEA after 10 min ROSC, prone CPR x4 min then ROSC	Invasive BP with 40 mmHg waveform correlated to compressions	Hemorrhage and venous air embolus in coronaries	Survived, ICU discharge day 7. Mild cognitive delay.
Loewenthal, 199329	53	Female	Meningioma	Craniotomy	Asystole, prone CPR x3 min then ROSC	Palpable femoral pulse correlated to CPR	Venous air embolus	Survived
Mayorga-Buiza, 201830	10	N/a	Posterior fossa tumor	Posterior fossa tumor excision	Pulseless SVT to VF. CPR x8 min then ROSC	Not discussed	Not discussed	Survived
Mishra, 201931	35	Female	C2–C3 intradural extramedullary meningioma	Laminectomy and tumor excision	Rhythm not discussed. Prone CPR x1m, then flipped for supine CPR x2m then ROSC	Not discussed	Cardiac tamponade	Survived to discharge.
Sun, 199232	14	Female	Open occipital fracture with left intracerebellar hematoma	Posterior fossa craniectomy	Bradycardia, PEA, idioventricular	Arterial line systolic pressure throughout: 100–160 mmHg.	Torn transverse sinus, blood loss, brain retraction progressing to severe bradycardia and hypotension	Survived, uneventful recovery
Sun, 199232	34	Male	Compression fracture of third cervical vertebrae, incomplete severance of cervical spinal cord	Decompression laminectomy	PEA, VF	Arterial systolic pressure throughout: 120–200 mmHg	Endotracheal tube occlusion	Survived, uneventful recovery
Sutherland, 199733	8	Female	Limb girdle muscular dystrophy, progressive 55″ thoraco-lumbar scoliosis	T1-sacrum posterior spinal fusion with sublaminar wiring	Asystole	CPR produced central venous pressure waveform but no arterial waveform	Air embolus	Deceased
Sutherland, 199733	12	Female	Athetoid cerebral palsy, 90″ progressive thoraco-lumbar scoliosis	T2-sacrum posterior spinal fusion with sublaminar wiring	Asystole	Not discussed	Air embolus	Deceased
Taylor, 201334	69	Male	Metastatic melanoma and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	posterior craniotomy	VT, progressed into VF	Pulsatile pressure tracing visible on the arterial line, and an ETCO2 of 15 mmHg.	Unknown	Survived, full neurologic recovery
Tobias, 199435	12	Male	Spastic quadriplegia, progressive scoliosis.	Spinal fusion	Bradycardia, asystole, idioventricular	Compressions pressures of 80−90 mm Hg from both arterial line and non-invasive BP cuff.	>4 L blood loss: abrupt decrease in MAP to 40 mmHg.	Survived, no change in neurologic status
Woo-Ming 196636	2	Male	Whooping cough	n/a	No monitoring	Not discussed	Airway occlusion	Survived
Woo-Ming 196636	3	Female	Stridor due to laryngeal diphtheria	Emergency tracheostomy	No monitoring	Not discussed	Laryngeal diphtheria	Survived, no deficits
Woo-Ming 196636	3 month	Male	Respiratory tract infection	n/a	No monitoring	Not discussed	Hypovolemia, airway occlusion	Survived
Woo-Ming 196636	7 weeks	Male	Staphylococcal pneumonia	n/a	No monitoring	Not discussed	Unknown	Survived

Abbreviations: PEA – pulseless electrical activity; VF – ventricular fibrillation; SVT – supraventricular tachycardia; M – minute(s); ROSC – return of spontaneous circulation; TTE – transthoracic echocardiogram.