Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 Temperature Trajectory Subphenotypes
| Characteristics | Total | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | 696 | 139 (20) | 97 (14) | 277 (40) | 183 (26) | ... |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 61 (47-73) | 57 (42-71) | 58 (49-73) | 60 (44-72) | 64 (50-78) | .04 |
| Sex, male, No. (%) | 355 (51) | 77 (55.4) | 54 (55.7) | 133 (48) | 91 (49.7) | .4 |
| Race, No. (%) | .08 | |||||
| Black | 588 (84.5) | 121 (87.1) | 81 (83.5) | 235 (84.8) | 151 (82.5) | ... |
| White | 44 (6.3) | 6 (4.3) | 6 (6.2) | 19 (6.9) | 13 (7.1) | ... |
| Other | 64 (9.2) | 12 (8.6) | 10 (10.3) | 23 (8.3) | 19 (10.4) | ... |
| Comorbidity, No. (%) | ... | |||||
| Congestive heart failure | 154 (22.1) | 28 (20.1) | 14 (14.4) | 54 (19.5) | 58 (31.7) | .002 |
| Pulmonary disease | 166 (23.9) | 24 (17.3) | 17 (17.5) | 68 (24.5) | 57 (31.1) | .01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 92 (13.2) | 20 (14.4) | 11 (11.3) | 38 (13.7) | 23 (12.6) | .9 |
| Hypertension | 233 (33.5) | 48 (34.5) | 35 (36.1) | 94 (33.9) | 56 (30.6) | .8 |
| Renal disease | 41 (5.9) | 7 (5) | 4 (4.1) | 14 (5.1) | 16 (8.7) | .3 |
| Liver disease | 14 (2) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 8 (2.9) | 4 (2.2) | .3 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31 (10) | 34 (11) | 32 (8) | 31 (10) | 29 (8) | < .001 |
| Sequential organ failure assessment score, median (IQR) | 2 (1-5) | 3 (1-5) | 2 (1-5) | 2 (1-5) | 3 (1-6) | .5 |
| Vitals, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Mean arterial pressure, min, mm Hg | 71 (13) | 71 (11) | 72 (11) | 72 (12) | 69 (16) | .3 |
| Respiratory rate, max, breaths/min | 31 (9) | 34 (8) | 33 (7) | 31 (11) | 29 (7) | < .001 |
| Heart rate, max, beats/min | 113 (22) | 116 (22) | 112 (17) | 113 (21) | 109 (25) | .008 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale, min | 13 (3) | 13 (4) | 14 (3) | 13 (3) | 13 (4) | .6 |
| Saturation of oxygen, min | 87 (10) | 86 (8) | 86 (10) | 87 (11) | 88 (10) | .1 |
| Admission temperature >38°C, mean (SD) | 36.9 (0.8) | 37.2 (0.8) | 37.4 (0.9) | 36.8 (0.6) | 36.6 (0.6) | < .001 |
| Fever, No. (%) | 345 (49.6) | 138 (99.3) | 94 (96.9) | 96 (34.7) | 17 (9.3) | < .001 |
| Laboratory results | ... | |||||
| Leukocytosis, No. (%) | 136 (19.5) | 19 (13.7) | 12 (12.4) | 64 (23.1) | 41 (22.4) | .02 |
| Leukopenia, No. (%) | 160 (23) | 43 (30.9) | 21 (21.6) | 64 (23.1) | 32 (17.5) | .04 |
| Platelet count, mean (SD), count/μL (in thousands) | 205 (92) | 179 (66) | 189 (71) | 215 (98) | 218 (104) | < .001 |
| Creatinine, mean (SD), mg/dL | 2.2 (2.8) | 1.9 (2.3) | 1.9 (2.1) | 2.1 (2.6) | 2.6 (3.5) | .03 |
| Total bilirubin, mean (SD), mg/dL | 0.8 (1.5) | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.7) | 1.2 (2.9) | .001 |
| Lactic acid, mean (SD), mmol/L | 2.7 (3) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.9 (1) | 2.7 (2.6) | 3.7 (4.5) | < .001 |
| D-dimer, mean (SD), μg/mL | 4 (5) | 4 (5) | 3 (4) | 3 (5) | 5 (6) | .01 |
| Ferritin, mean (SD), ng/mL | 1,478 (2,931) | 1,372 (2,514) | 1,597 (1,993) | 1,244 (1,867) | 1,871 (4,619) | .3 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, mean (SD), units/L | 460 (467) | 461 (221) | 487 (230) | 425 (226) | 502 (845) | .8 |
| Creatine kinase, mean (SD), units/L | 1,031 (5,615) | 1,228 (2,238) | 664 (1,010) | 571 (1,597) | 1,811 (10,928) | .5 |
| Troponin, mean (SD), ng/L | 64 (147) | 50 (111) | 32 (46) | 62 (157) | 96 (184) | .003 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h | 84 (33) | 82 (31) | 88 (32) | 84 (34) | 85 (35) | .6 |
| C-reactive protein, mean (SD), mg/L | 120 (96) | 150 (102) | 150 (90) | 110 (90) | 92 (91) | < .001 |
| IL-6, mean (SD), pg/mL | 43 (73) | 51 (71) | 34 (36) | 35 (57) | 60 (112) | .7 |
| Outcomes | ... | |||||
| Acetaminophen doses, mean (SD), No. | 3.4 (3.5) | 6.5 (3.2) | 4.3 (2.7) | 2.7 (3.2) | 1.5 (2.5) | < .001 |
| Length of hospital stay, d | 7 (4-11) | 8 (6-14) | 7 (5-11) | 6 (4-12) | 6 (4-9) | .002 |
| ICU admission, No. (%) | 242 (34.8) | 55 (39.6) | 33 (34) | 90 (32.5) | 64 (35) | .6 |
| Mechanical ventilation, No. (%) | 101 (14.5) | 28 (20.1) | 11 (11.3) | 34 (12.3) | 28 (15.3) | .1 |
| Deaths, No. (%) | 61 (8.8) | 17 (12.2) | 3 (3.1) | 23 (8.3) | 18 (9.8) | .1 |