Table 2. . Application of nanoparticles-based antiviral agents for disinfection of coronaviruses with some details regarding function and inhibition efficiency.

Virus	Host	Antiviral substances	Description of antiviral activity type	Antiviral substances concentration	Inhibition	Ref.
FCoV	Cat	GO-Ag nanocomposite	Antiviral activity against enveloped viruses	0.1 mg/ml	24.80%	[41]
PEDV	Pig	Composites with silver colloid and titanium dioxide nanoparticles	Inhibited the growth of the viruses	1000-fold diluted from original	≥99.90%	[37]
PEDV	Pig	Ag2S nanoclusters	Inhibition of viral proliferation (in vitro cells = Vero)	46 μg/ml	≥99.9%	[40]
TGEV	Pig	Composites with silver colloid and titanium dioxide nanoparticles	Inhibited the growth of the viruses	1000-fold diluted from original	≥93%	[37]
TGEV	Pig	Ag NPs, Ag NW	Inhibition of cell apoptosis induced by the virus (in vitro cells = ST cells)	3.125–12.5 μg/ml	7.05–67.35%	[38]
FIPV	Cat	Diphyllin nanoparticles	Inhibition of endosomal acidification responsible for virus uncoating and cytoplasmic entry (in vitro cells = fcwf-4)	2 μM	≥99.9%	[39]
HCoV-NL63	Human	Bio polymeric nano/microspheres (HTCC-NS/MS)	Capable of adsorbing coronaviruses	10 mg/500 μl	99.92%	[42]

CoV: Coronavirus; FCoV: Feline coronavirus; GO-Ag: Graphene-silver nanocomposites; HTCC-NS/MS: N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethyl chitosan-nano/microsphere; MERS: Middle East respiratory syndrome; NP: Nanoparticle; NW: Nanowire; PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; ST: Swine testicle; TGEV: Transmissible gastroenteritis.