Table 1.

Clinical manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Organ system involved	Disease Onset (Mild disease)	Moderate disease	Severe Disease	Diagnostic Signs
Lung/Respiratory-Pulmonary	• Cough • Sore throat • Rhinorrhea, Sneezing • Dry Cough	• Pneumonia • Dyspnea • Moderate hypoxemia	• Severe hypoxemia • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) • Respiratory failure and death (if untreated)	• Decreased % pO2 • Chest X-rays show ground glass opacities
Brain/Neurological	• Hyposmia-Anosmia • Hypogeusia-Ageusia • Visual Disturbance • Fatigue, Somnolence	• Headaches • Nausea and vomiting • Dizziness • Myalgia • Ataxia • Encephalopathy	• Cerebrovascular disease (large vessel strokes) • Seizures • Meningoencephalitis • Neuropathy • Guillain Barre Syndrome • Neurogenic ARDS • Coma	• Elevated creatine kinase with myalgia • Brain MRI show hyperintensities in regions with infarction or encephalitis • SARS-CoV-2 detection in cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissues in some patients
Gastrointestinal	• Nausea, Vomiting • Diarrhea • Heartburn	• Loss of appetite • Abdominal pain and bloating	• Gastrointestinal bleeding • GI viral dissemination	• Elevated liver enzymes and bilirubins • SARS-CoV-2 detection in stool samples
Heart/Cardiac	• Chest pain • Arrhythmia, sinus tachycardia	• Cardiac inflammation, immunocytic infiltration	• Cardiomayopathy • Acute heart failure	• Elevated cardiac enzymes • Abnormal EKG (Prolonged QTc intervals, elevated ST) • Cardiac-specific troponin and brain natriuretic peptide
Kidney/Renal	• Proteinuria • Hematuria	• Acute renal injury	• Renal failure	• Tubular necrosis and SARS-CoV-2 detection in kidney
Blood vessels/Vascular	• Blood coagulation	• Arterial or venous thromboembolism • Cytokine storms	• Pulmonary embolism • Large vessel occlusions • Disseminated intravascular coagulation	• Elevated D-dimer, • interleukin-6, other cytokines, ferritin, and lactate dehydrogenase • Prolonged PT/PTT
Mental/Psychiatric	• Depressed mood • Anxiety • Insomnia • Anger • Fear	• Depression • Post-traumatic stress disorder	• Exacerbation of neurological or psychiatric disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s or Addiction)	Elevated plasma calcium and phosphorus (indicative of stress)