Table 1.
COVID-19 web-survey sample profile and GHQ-12 responses
| Sample size | Unweighted profile | Weighted profile | Mean GHQ-12 score (95% CI) | Proportion with significant level of mental distress*(95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total sample | 17 452 | 100% | 100% | 12·6 (12·5–12·8) | 27·3% (26·4–28·2) | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Women | 10 165 | 41·8% | 46·7% | 13·6 (13·4–13·8) | 33·3% (32·1–34·6) | |
| Men | 7287 | 58·4% | 53·3% | 11·5 (11·3–11·7) | 20·4% (19·1–21·6) | |
| Age, years | ||||||
| 16–24 | 1543 | 8·8% | 9·8% | 14·7 (14·1–15·3) | 36·7% (33·0–40·4) | |
| 25–34 | 1950 | 11·2% | 13·0% | 14·2 (13·7–14·7) | 35·0% (32·0–38·0) | |
| 35–44 | 2784 | 16·0% | 15·4% | 13·4 (13·0–13·8) | 30·6% (28·3–32·9) | |
| 45–54 | 3506 | 20·1% | 18·1% | 12·5 (12·2–12·8) | 26·3% (24·3–28·2) | |
| 55–69 | 5036 | 28·9% | 27·6% | 12·0 (11·8–12·3) | 24·7% (23·2–26·2) | |
| ≥70 | 2633 | 15·1% | 16·2% | 10·9 (10·6–11·1) | 17·6% (15·8–19·5) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White British | 14 029 | 80·4% | 86·9% | 12·5 (12·4–12·7) | 27·2% (26·3–28·2) | |
| White non-British | 779 | 4·5% | 4·2% | 13·1 (12·3–14·0) | 27·5% (23·0–32·0) | |
| Mixed | 284 | 1·6% | 1·3% | 13·7 (12·2–15·2) | 28·1% (20·2–36·0) | |
| Asian | 1281 | 7·3% | 4·4% | 13·7 (13·0–14·5) | 29·6% (25·2–34·1) | |
| Black | 392 | 2·2% | 1·8% | 12·7 (11·5–13·9) | 21·3% (14·6–28·0) | |
| Other | 87 | 0·5% | 0·5% | 13·7 (11·6–15·7) | 29·3% (13·2–45·3) | |
| Missing | 600 | 3·4% | 1·0% | .. | .. | |
| UK country or region | ||||||
| North East | 593 | 3·4% | 4·1% | 12·9 (12·2–13·7) | 28·9% (23·9–33·8) | |
| North West | 1716 | 9·8% | 11·1% | 12·1 (11·7–12·5) | 25·5% (22·8–28·1) | |
| Yorkshire | 1482 | 8·5% | 8·6% | 12·5 (12·1–13·0) | 25·8% (22·9–28·7) | |
| East Midlands | 1334 | 7·6% | 7·9% | 12·6 (12·1–13·2) | 27·2% (24·1–30·3) | |
| West Midlands | 1479 | 8·5% | 8·9% | 12·8 (12·3–13·3) | 29·5% (26·1–32·9) | |
| East of England | 1689 | 9·7% | 10·2% | 12·3 (11·8–12·7) | 24·9% (21·9–27·9) | |
| London | 1849 | 10·6% | 10·9% | 13·3 (12·8–13·8) | 29·3% (26·4–32·1) | |
| South East | 2428 | 13·9% | 14·5% | 12·5 (12·1–12·9) | 26·2% (23·8–28·6) | |
| South West | 1598 | 9·2% | 9·3% | 12·5 (12·0–13·0) | 28·1% (25·2–31·0) | |
| Wales | 1018 | 5·8% | 4·6% | 13·1 (12·4–13·9) | 28·3% (24·0–32·7) | |
| Scotland | 1523 | 8·7% | 7·8% | 12·9 (12·4–13·3) | 28·6% (25·5–31·7) | |
| Northern Ireland | 742 | 4·3% | 2·3% | 12·5 (11·5–13·5) | 28·5% (23·1–34·0) | |
| Missing | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Residence† | ||||||
| Urban | 12 623 | 74·6% | 75·1% | 12·8 (12·6–13·0) | 28·0% (26·9–29·1) | |
| Rural | 4291 | 25·4% | 24·9% | 12·2 (11·9–12·4) | 25·1% (23·3–26·8) | |
| Missing | 538 | 3·1% | 0 | |||
| Equivalised household income quintiles† | ||||||
| Lowest | 2220 | 12·7% | 14·3% | 13·9 (13·4–14·3) | 32·3% (29·5–35·2) | |
| 2nd | 2692 | 15·4% | 18·1% | 12·8 (12·4–13·1) | 25·7% (23·5–27·9) | |
| 3rd | 3230 | 18·5% | 19·8% | 13·0 (12·6–13·X) | 29·3% (27·1–31·5) | |
| 4th | 3995 | 22·9% | 22·1% | 12·1 (11·8–12·4) | 25·2% (23·3–27·0) | |
| Highest | 4449 | 25·5% | 23·0% | 12·0 (11·7–12·2) | 25·7% (24·0–27·4) | |
| Missing | 866 | 5·0% | 2·7% | .. | .. | |
| Employment status† | ||||||
| Employed | 10 636 | 60·9% | 61·1% | 12·5 (12·3–12·7) | 27·1% (25·9–28·2) | |
| Unemployed | 446 | 2·6% | 3·4% | 15·0 (14·0–15·9) | 33·7% (27·5–39·9) | |
| Retired | 3770 | 21·6% | 21·6% | 11·1 (10·9–11·3) | 19·3% (17·7–20·9) | |
| Other inactive | 2062 | 11·8% | 13·8% | 15·3 (14·8–15·9) | 39·1% (36·2–42·1) | |
| Missing | 538 | 3·1% | 0·1% | 12·5 (12·3–12·7) | 27·1% (25·9–28·2) | |
| Lives with partner | ||||||
| Yes | 12 316 | 70·6% | 66·0% | 12·0 (11·9–12·2) | 24·3% (23·2–25·3) | |
| No | 5136 | 29·4% | 34·0% | 13·8 (13·6–14·1) | 33·1% (31·3–34·9) | |
| Age of youngest child in household | ||||||
| No children | 12 221 | 70·0% | 72·2% | 12·3 (12·2–12·5) | 25·9% (24·8–27·0) | |
| 0–5 years | 1756 | 10·1% | 9·0% | 13·7 (13·2–14·3) | 31·9% (28·7–35·1) | |
| 6–15 years | 3475 | 19·9% | 18·8% | 13·4 (13·0–13·7) | 30·3% (28·1–32·5) | |
| Keyworker | ||||||
| Yes | 4515 | 25·9% | 74·3% | 12·7 (12·4–12·9) | 29·9% (28·2–31·7) | |
| No | 12 928 | 74·1% | 25·7% | 12·6 (12·4–12·8) | 26·4% (25·3–27·4) | |
| Missing | 9 | 0·1% | 0 | .. | .. | |
| Received National Health Service shielding letter | ||||||
| Yes | 1007 | 5·8% | 6·6% | 13·7 (13·1–14·3) | 31·9% (27·9–35·8) | |
| No | 16 439 | 94·2% | 93·4% | 12·6 (12·4–12·7) | 27·0% (26·0–27·9) | |
| Missing | 6 | 0 | .. | .. | .. | |
Sample sizes are true (unweighted). All analyses are weighted, adjusting for complex survey design and non-response. GHQ-12=12-item General Health Questionnaire.
*
GHQ-12 scores exceeding threshold indicative of a potentially clinically significant level of mental distress (4 or more).
†
Measured during previous wave.