Table 3.

Climate-sensitive infectious diseases with dermatologic manifestations.

Mechanism of climate sensitivity	Specific disease examples
Infectious microbes are directly sensitive to climate variables (temperature, rainfall, humidity)	Viruses: Enteroviruses (Hand, foot, and mouth disease), Chikungunya, Zika Bacteria: Vibrio vulnificus infection Fungi: coccidioidomycosis
Enhanced survival and expanded geographic range of climate-sensitive vectors and animal reservoirs	Aedesmosquito species: Chikungunya, Dengue, yellow fever, Zika, lymphatic filariasis, Anophelesmosquito species: Lymphatic filariasis Culexmosquito species: West Nile fever, lymphatic filariasis Phlebotamine sandflies: Leishmaniasis variants Ixodid (hard) ticks: Lyme disease and other borrelial infections, Rickettsial diseases (spotted fever, Q fever), Tularemia Triatome bugs: Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)
Increased incidence during and after extreme weather events	Flooding: Vibrio vulnificus infection, Mycobacterium marinum infection, melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei infection), leptospirosis, Chromobacterium violaceum infection, chromoblastomycosis, blastomycosis, mucormycosis, dermatophytosis, immersion foot syndromes (polymicrobial infection) Drought: Coccidioidomycosis
Human migration, overcrowding, and poverty caused by climate change–related extreme weather events	Scabies infestation, body lice infestation (vector for epidemic typhus and louse-borne/epidemic relapsing fever), tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, diarrheal diseases