Figure 1.

Timeline of neurodevelopmental processes and brain neurogenesis in fetal rodents by areas sensitive to alcohol injury. Proteins in neurulation, proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, gliogenesis, and myelination neurodevelopmental processes. Changes in the levels of these biomarkers (up- or down-regulation) caused by prenatal alcohol exposure are represented by arrows. Stages of neurulation: (1) Neuroectodermal tissues differentiate from the ectoderm and thicken into the neural plate. The neural plate border separates the ectoderm from the neural plate. (2) The neural plate bends dorsally, with the two ends eventually joining at the neural plate borders, forming the neural crest. (3) The closure of the neural tube disconnects the neural crest from the epidermis. Neural crest cells differentiate to form the peripheral nervous system.