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. 2020 Jul 15;8:359. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00359

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Copyright © 2020 Almeida, Andreu-Fernández, Navarro-Tapia, Aras-López, Serra-Delgado, Martínez, García-Algar and Gómez-Roig.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Liver metabolic pathway of alcohol. ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, Superoxide Dismutase; GPX, Glutathione peroxidase; GR, Glutathione reductase. The ADH, ALDH enzymes and the P450 2E1 cytochrome participate in the oxidative metabolism of alcohol. The activity of the P450 2E1 cytochrome in alcohol metabolism and the re-oxidation of NADH via the electron transport chain in the mitochondria results in the formation of ROS. Catalase in peroxisomes, SOD in mitochondria and GPX-GR in cytosol are activated by an increase of oxidative stress to reduce the levels of ROS. High amounts of ROS lead to a down-regulation (negative feedback) of the antioxidant response.