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. 2020 Jul 15;7:93. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00093

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Copyright © 2020 da Cruz, Chen, Smith, Bates and de Assis.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Paternal exposures and epigenetic inheritance of breast cancer. Pre-conception paternal nutritional status and exposure to other lifestyle and environmental factors can epigenetically reprogram the sperm, particularly its small non-coding RNA load. Epigenetic information in sperm can be delivered to the oocyte during fertilization (55) and impact embryonic and fetal tissue development, including that of the mammary gland and alter breast cancer predisposition in offspring. Evidence in human and animal studies support the idea that epigenetic inheritance of breast cancer predisposition can be transmitted through the male germline (6, 7, 10, 40, 41, 56–58).