Table 4.
The plasma effects on stress tolerance in crops.
| Plasma | Treatment condition | Optimal condition | RONS & UV c | Crops | Effects a | Enhanced stress tolerance (%) d | Reference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target stage | Medium | Feed gas b | Power (W) | Exposure time (min) | |||||||
| Radio frequency discharge | dry seed | gas | He | 100 | 0, 0.25 | 100 (W) × 0.25 (min) | – | oilseed rape | (+) germination % (+) time to germination (+) growth % (+) water absorption (+) activity of antioxidant enzyme (CAT, SOD) (+) cell membrane stability (+) osmotic adjustment ability (+) tolerance to drought stress |
6 | Li et al. (2015) |
| 80 | 0, 0.25 | 80 (W) × 0.25 (min) | – | tomato | (+) germination % (+) time to germination (+) growth % (+) H2O2-mediated signaling (+) activity of antioxidant enzyme (POD) (+) activity of defense-related enzyme (PAL) (+) plant disease resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt) |
25 | Jiang et al. (2014b) | ||||
| dry seed | gas | air+ He | 0–280 | 0.25 | 40 (W) × 0.25 (min) | – | alfalfa | (+/-) germination % (+/-) time to germination (+) growth % (+) tolerance to drought stress |
40 | Feng et al. (2018) | |
| Dielectric barrier discharge | wet seed | gas+ liquid | air+H2O | – | 0–10 | 10 (min) | – | rice | (+) growth % (+) H2O2-mediated signaling (+) plant disease resistance to Fusarium fujikuroi (bakanae disease) and Burkholderia plantarii (bacterial seedling blight) |
– | Ochi et al. (2017) |
| wet seed | gas | He, N2 | 100 | 0–2 | 100 (W) × 1 (min) | – | wheat | (+/-) growth % (+) activity of antioxidant enzyme (POD) (+) activity of defense-related enzyme (PAL) |
– | Iranbakhsh et al. (2017) | |
| dry seed | gas | air | – | 0, 4 | 4 (min) | O3, NO2 | wheat | (+) germination % (+) time to germination (+) growth % (+) water absorption (+) hormone-mediated signaling (+) expression of drought-tolerant-related gene (LEA1, SnRK2, P5CS) (+) activity of antioxidant enzyme (CAT, SOD, POD) (+) cell membrane stability (+) osmotic adjustment ability (+) tolerance to drought stress |
– | Guo et al. (2017) | |
| seedling | gas | Ar | 80 | 0–2 | 80 (W) × 1 (min) | •OH, UV | wheat | (+/-) growth % (+) photosynthetic pigments (+) expression of plant HSF gene (+) activity of antioxidant enzyme (POD) (+) activity of defense-related enzyme (PAL) (+) tolerance to salt stress |
20 | Iranbakhsh et al. (2018) | |
| wet seed, seedling | gas | air | 25 | 0–10 | 25 (W) × 5 (min) | O3, UV | pea | (+) germination % (+/-) growth % (+/-) photosynthetic efficiency (+) antioxidant content (total quercetins, total kaempferol) (+) acclimation to plasma-induced stress (ROS and UV radiation) |
21 | Bußler et al. (2015) | |
a
Plasma effects on plant responses to stressors; the plus sign (+) indicates that the plasma treatment had a positive impact on the variable, and the minus sign (-) represents that the negative effect of the plasma treatment increased.
b
Feed gas, where He is helium; N2 is nitrogen, and Ar is argon.
c
RONS & UV, where O3 is ozone; NO2 is nitrogen dioxide; •OH is a hydroxyl radical, and UV is ultraviolet.
d
Enhanced enzyme activity (%) = (treatment-control)/control ×100.