TABLE 2.
Plasma concentrations of antioxidants, fat-soluble vitamins, and oxidative biomarkers in healthy adults with overweight and obesity at baseline, after 2 wk of consumption of an average American diet and after 5 wk of consumption of LF, MF, or AV diet1
| Biomarker | Baseline (n = 45) | LF (n = 43) | MF (n = 42) | AV (n = 43) | Treatment effect (P ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retinol, nmol/L | 205 ± 9.2 | 213 ± 9.0 | 215 ± 9.7 | 200 ± 10.0 | 0.7 |
| Lutein, nmol/L | 33.6 ± 2.7 | 34.7 ± 2.2b | 40.6 ± 2.1b | 53.2 ± 5.2a,* | 0.0004 |
| α-Carotene, nmol/L | 39.7 ± 5.0 | 46.8 ± 6.2b | 69.9 ± 11.5a,* | 56.9 ± 8.3a,b,* | 0.01 |
| β-Carotene, nmol/L | 139 ± 9.5 | 154 ± 9.3 | 160 ± 13.2* | 156 ± 11.4* | 0.8 |
| α-Tocopherol, μmol/L | 13.0 ± 0.6 | 13.7 ± 0.6 | 13.3 ± 0.7 | 13.9 ± 0.9 | 0.8 |
| γ-Tocopherol, μmol/L | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 0.5 |
| δ-Tocopherol, μmol/L | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.9 |
| oxLDL, U/L | 65.8 ± 2.4 | 64.3 ± 2.9a | 61.8 ± 2.2a | 58.0 ± 2.1b,* | 0.02 |
| Isoprostane, pg/mL | 26.2 ± 1.7 | 27.1 ± 2.4 | 25.7 ± 1.5 | 25.2 ± 1.4 | 0.6 |
1All values are means ± SEMs (n = 42–45). Values with different superscript letters differ (P < 0.05). *Different from baseline, P< 0.05. AV, avocado diet; LF, lower-fat diet; MF, moderate-fat diet; oxLDL, oxidized LDL.