Table 2.
Echocardiographic indices of the study population by the median value of IGFBP7
| Echocardiographic indices | IGFBP7 < median (N = 135) | IGFBP7 ≥ median (N = 136) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Left ventricle | |||
| Posterior wall thickness (mm) * | 10 (8–11.5) | 10 (9–12) | 0.04 |
| LV mass index (male, g/m2) a | 85.4 (67.9–106.2) | 111.6 (92.2–130.2) | <0.001 |
| LV mass index (female, g/m2) a | 77.9 (64.3–97.1) | 96.6(81.5–111.6) | 0.003 |
| LVEDVi (mL/m2) a | 53.3 (44.9–65.7) | 68.1 (51.2–86.5) | <0.001 |
| LVESVi (mL/m2) a | 20.3 (15.3–28.7) | 35.5 (18.3–56.3) | <0.001 |
| LVEF (%) a | 61.6 (51.9–69.2) | 50 (30.4–64.7) | <0.001 |
| LVEF |
<0.001 |
||
| LVEF a | 61.6 (51.9–69.2) | 50 (30.4–64.7) | |
| LVEF < 50 (%) | 21 (25/117) | 48 (53/110) | |
| LVEF ≥ 50 (%) | 79 (92/117) | 52 (57/110) | |
| Right ventricle | |||
| RV diastolic area (cm2) a | 19 (14.8–23.4) | 22.3 (18.6–27.4) | 0.001 |
| RV systolic area (cm2) a | 10.4 (8.1–13.9) | 14.5 (10.6–18.6) | <0.001 |
| RV fractional area change (%) a | 43.2 (36.8–51.3) | 36.3 (28.1–45.9) | <0.001 |
| Right ventricular hypokinesis | 0.003 | ||
| None (%) | 85.6 (107/125) | 64.6 (73/113) | |
| Mild (%) | 5.6 (7/125) | 15 (17/113) | |
| Moderate (%) | 4.8 (6/125) | 11.5 (13/113) | |
| Severe (%) | 4 (5/125) | 8.6 (10/113) | |
| LAVi (mL/m2) a | 28.9 (21.9–36.2) | 41.9 (33.1–51.2) | <0.001 |
| Trans‐mitral Doppler | |||
| E (cm/s) a | 72 (61–92) | 97.5 (80–121) | <0.001 |
| A (cm/s) a | 67 (55–85) | 65.5 (46–87) | 0.45 |
| E/A* | 1.04 (0.8–1.3) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | <0.001 |
| DT (ms) a | 177 (145–210.5) | 167 (129.4–199) | 0.04 |
| Pulmonary vein flow | |||
| S (cm/s) a | 45 (38–57) | 35.5 (24–47.5) | 0.001 |
| D (cm/s) a | 43 (32–52) | 55.5 (42.5–68.5) | <0.001 |
| S/D a | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | <0.001 |
| Tissue Doppler | |||
| Mitral annular e′ septal (cm/s) a | 7 (6–9) | 6 (5–7) | <0.001 |
| Mitral annular e′ lateral (cm/s) a | 9 (6–11) | 8 (6–10) | 0.09 |
| Mean mitral annular e′ (cm/s) a | 8 (6–10) | 7 (5.2–9) | 0.01 |
| E/e′ a | 9.4 (7.4–13.6) | 13.4 (10.7–19.6) | <0.001 |
| E/e′ ≥ 15 (%) | 19.6 (23/117) | 42.5 (46/108) | <0.001 |
| Grades of diastolic dysfunction | <0.001 | ||
| Normal (%) | 59 (65/110) | 19.8 (18/91) | |
| Grade I (%) | 15.4 (17/110) | 11 (10/91) | |
| Grade II (%) | 18.1 (20/110) | 36.2 (33/91) | |
| Grade III (%) | 6.4 (7/110) | 32.9 (30/91) | |
| Indeterminate (%) | 0.9 (1/110) | 0 (0/91) | |
| TR severity | 0.001 | ||
| None (%) | 2.4 (3/127) | 2.3 (3/130) | |
| Trace (%) | 61.4 (78/127) | 40 (52/130) | |
| Mild (%) | 28.3 (36/127) | 33 (43/130) | |
| Moderate (%) | 7.9 (10/127) | 21.5 (28/130) | |
| Severe (%) | 0 (0/127) | 3 (4/130) | |
| MR severity | <0.001 | ||
| None (%) | 11.8 (15/127) | 3.1 (4/129) | |
| Trace (%) | 59 (75/127) | 36.4 (47/129) | |
| Mild (%) | 19.7 (25/127) | 40.3 (52/129) | |
| Moderate (%) | 7.9 (10/127) | 17 (22/129) | |
| Severe (%) | 1.6 (2/127) | 3.1 (4/129) |
IQR, interquartile range; LV, left ventricle; LVEDVi, left ventricular end‐diastolic volume index; LVESVi, left ventricular end‐systolic volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; RV, right ventricle; LAVi, left atrial volume index; E, early transmitral diastolic velocities; A, late transmitral diastolic velocities; E/A, the ratio of early to late transmitral diastolic velocities; DT, early deceleration time; S, pulmonary venous systolic velocities; D, pulmonary venous diastolic velocities; S/D, the ratio of pulmonary venous systolic to diastolic velocities; E/e′, the ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; MR, mitral regurgitation; IGFBP7, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐7.
Study participants with an IGFBP7 ≥ 119 ng/mL had prevalent cardiac abnormalities.
Median and IQR are presented.