Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of heart failure patients
| Variable | Total (n = 695) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 55.4 ± 12.2 |
| Gender (Male) n (%) | 470 (67.6) |
| Race n (%) | |
| Asian | 7 (1.0) |
| Black | 107 (15.4) |
| Mixed | 345 (49.6) |
| White | 236 (34.0) |
| Hypertension n (%) | 448 (64.5) |
| Diabetes n (%) | 205 (29.5) |
| Dyslipidemia n (%) | 462 (66.5) |
| Smoking n (%) | 64 (9.2) |
| Chronic renal failure n (%) | 188 (27.0) |
| Dialytic renal failure n (%) | 8 (1.2) |
| Heart failure class n (%) | |
| NYHA I | 130 (18.7) |
| NYHA II | 433 (62.3) |
| NYHA III | 127 (18.3) |
| NYHA IV | 5 (0.7) |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 32.0 ± 8.6 |
| Left ventricular diastolic diameter (mm) | 64.1 ± 8.3 |
| RV dysfunction (%) | 221 (31.8) |
| Mild | 112 (16.1) |
| Moderate/severe | 109 (15.7) |
| Heart failure aetiology n (%) | |
| Hypertensive | 181 (26.0) |
| Ischaemic | 152 (21.9) |
| Chagasic | 118 (17.0) |
| Idiopathic | 108 (19.6) |
| Other | 136 (8.6) |
| Weight (kg) | 75.8 ± 19.1 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 27.9 ± 6.0 |
| Respiratory rate (irm) | 17.1 ± 1.5 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 71.2 ± 14.3 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123.5 ± 23.8 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.2 ± 14.6 |
| Dyspnoea n (%) | 599 (86.2) |
| Orthopnoea n (%) | 263 (37.8) |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea n (%) | 150 (21.6) |
| Jugular venous distension n (%) | 250 (36.0) |
| Pulmonary rales n (%) | 52 (7.5) |
| Peripheral oedema n (%) | 127 (18.3) |
| Third heart sound n (%) | 50 (7.2) |
| Hepatojugular reflux n (%) | 71 (10.2) |
| Capillary filling time (3–5 s) n (%) | 19 (2.7) |
| Ascites n (%) | 18 (2.6) |
| Hepatomegaly n (%) | 79 (11.4) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.27 ± 0.77 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 49.3 ± 23.7 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min) | 68.2 ± 22.7 |
| Sodium (mg/dL) | 139.3 ± 2.72 |
| Potassium (mg/dL) | 4.8 ± 0.6 |
| Haemoglobin (mg/dL) | 13.9 ± 1.7 |
| Haematocrit (%) | 43.0 ± 5.2 |
| Blood glucose fasting (mg/dL) | 113.6 ± 51.2 |
| Glycated haemoglobin | 6.3 ± 0.7 |
| High sensitive I troponin (ng/dL) | 0.040 ± 0.062 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.0 ± 0.4 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (mg/dL) | 32.3 ± 16.8 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (mg/dL) | 28.5 ± 14.6 |
| Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (mg/dL) | 110.2 ± 187.1 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (mg/dL) | 95.4 ± 57.4 |
| Total Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.64 ± 0.44 |
| Exhaled breath acetone (ug/dL) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) |
| Brain natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 149 (54–355) |
| Medication in use | |
| Betablocker n (%) | 673 (96.8) |
| ACEI n (%) | 427 (61.4) |
| ARB n (%) | 207 (30.0) |
| ACEI or ARB n (%) | 633 (91.1) |
| Spironolactone n (%) | 448 (66.4) |
| Diuretic n (%) | 631 (90.8) |
| Loop diuretic n (%) | 504 (72.5) |
| Thiazide diuretic n (%) | 135 (19.4) |
| Hydralazine n (%) | 116 (16.7) |
| Nitrate n (%) | 98 (14.1) |
| Digoxin n (%) | 165 (23.7) |
| Lipid lowering drugs n (%) | 332 (47.8) |
| Oral anticoagulants n (%) | 141 (20.3) |
| Oral hypoglycaemic drugs n (%) | 139 (20.0) |
| Insulin n (%) | 55 (7.9) |
ACEI, angiotensin converter enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; NYHA, New York Heart Association; RV, right ventricle.
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD or median and interquartile range [median (IQR)] and categorical variables as absolute number and percentage [n (%)].