Table 2.
Baseline characteristics according to exhaled breath acetone quartile
| Variable | Quartile 1 (n = 178) | Quartile 2 (n = 168) | Quartile 3 (n = 169) | Quartile 4 (164) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.2 ± 11.6 | 55.5 ± 11.8 | 56.7 ± 12.4 * | 56.3 ± 12.8 * | 0.033 |
| Gender (male) n (%) | 115 (64.6) | 107 (63.7) | 115 (68.0) | 123 (75.0) | 0.110 |
| Ethnicity n (%) | 0.225 | ||||
| Asian | 3 (1.7) | 3 (1.8) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
| Black | 23 (12.9) | 20 (11.9) | 33 (19.5) | 30 (18.3) | |
| Mixed | 88 (49.4) | 87 (51.9) | 87 (51.5) | 73 (44.5) | |
| White | 64 (36.0) | 58 (34.5) | 48 (28.4) | 61 (9.0) | |
| Hypertension n (%) | 124 (69.7) | 101 (60.1) | 121 (71.6) | 90 (54.9) * | 0.003 |
| Diabetes n (%) | 42 (23.6) | 53 (31.5) | 58 (34.3) | 46 (28.0) | 0.146 |
| Dyslipidemia n (%) | 120 (67.4) | 133 (79.2) * | 103 (60.9) | 94 (57.3) * | < 0.001 |
| Smoking n (%) | 22 (12.4) | 7 (4.2) | 19 (11.2) | 16 (9.8) | 0.048 |
| Chronic renal failure n (%) | 33 (18.5) * | 48 (28.6) * | 45 (26.6) | 58 (35.4) * | 0.006 |
| HF class n (%) | 0.107 | ||||
| NYHA I | 39 (21.9) | 33 (19.6) | 30 (17.8) | 22 (13.4) | |
| NYHA II | 110 (61.8) | 104 (61.9) | 114 (67.5) | 101 (61.6) | |
| NYHA III | 28 (15.7) | 31 (18.5) | 25 (14.8) | 38 (23.2) | |
| NYHA IV | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.4) | |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 33.3 ± 8.9 | 32.7 ± 8.2 | 31.8 ± 8.8 | 30.4 ± 8.6 * | 0.015 |
| LVDD (mm) | 63.6 ± 7.7 | 64.7 ± 7.9 | 63.8 ± 8.0 | 64.5 ± 9.5 | 0.521 |
| Mod/Severe RV dysfunction n(%) | 20 (11.2) | 22 (13.1) | 22 (13.0) | 43 (26.2) * | <0.001 |
| Heart failure aetiology n (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| Hypertensive | 65 (36.5) * | 29 (17.3) * | 50 (29.6) | 32 (19.5) * | |
| Ischaemic | 32 (18.0) | 38 (22.6) | 41 (24.3) | 37 (22.6) | |
| Chagasic | 28 (15.7) | 23 (13.7) | 28 (16.6) | 37 (22.6) * | |
| Idiopathic | 24 (13.5) | 39 (23.2) * | 19 (11.2) | 23 (14.0) | |
| Other | 29 (16.3) | 39 (23.2) | 31 (18.3) | 35 (21.3) | |
| Weight (kg) | 78.7 ± 17.7 | 77.9 ± 17.9 | 75.6 ± 21.9 | 70.9 ± 17.5 * | 0.001 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 28.9 ± 5.6 | 28.8 ± 5.6 | 27.8 ± 6.8 | 26.0 ± 5.5 * | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate (irm) | 17.3 ± 1.4 | 17.3 ± 1.8 | 17.0 ± 1.3 | 16.7 ± 1.5 * | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 68.9 ± 12.7 | 69.5 ± 12.8 | 71.5 ± 14.2 | 74.9 ± 16.5 * | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 128.9 ± 24.7 | 122.3 ± 22.3 * | 124.4 ± 23.6 | 118.1 ± 23.6 * | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78.1 ± 14.6 | 74.7 ± 13.7 | 76.3 ± 14.4 | 75.6 ± 15.6 | 0.172 |
| Dyspnoea n (%) | 153 (86.0) | 148 (88.1) | 143 (84.6) | 144 (87.8) | 0.761 |
| Orthopnoea n (%) | 63 (35.4) | 69 (41.1) | 55 (32.5) | 68 (41.5) | 0.249 |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea n (%) | 36 (20.2) | 24 (14.3) * | 37 (21.9) | 47 (28.7) * | 0.015 |
| Jugular venous distension n (%) | 43 (24.2) * | 51 (30.4) | 55 (32.5) | 96 (58.5) * | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary rales n (%) | 10 (5.6) | 10 (6.0) | 11 (6.5) | 20 (12.2) | 0.074 |
| Peripheral oedema n (%) | 29 (16.3) | 23 (13.7) | 29 (17.2) | 44 (26.8) * | 0.012 |
| Third heart sound n (%) | 3 (1.7) * | 4 (2.4) * | 12 (7.1) | 30 (18.3) * | <0.001 |
| Hepatojugular reflux n (%) | 8 (4.5) * | 7 (4.2) * | 12 (7.1) | 44 (26.8) * | < 0.001 |
| Capillary filling time (3–5 s) n (%) | 3 (1.7) | 3 (1.8) | 1 (0.6) * | 12 (7.3) * | 0.001 |
| Ascites n (%) | 3 (1.7) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 13 (7.9) | < 0.001 |
| Hepatomegaly n (%) | 14 (7.9) | 7 (4.2) | 15 (8.9) | 43 (26.2) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.16 ± 0.52 | 1.30 ± 0.85 | 1.30 ± 0.99 | 1.31 ± 0.66 | 0.180 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 43.5 ± 18.7 | 50.2 ± 22.5 * | 49.3 ± 24.9 | 54.6 ± 27.1 * | <0.001 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min) | 67.5 ± 24.2 | 68.2 ± 21.7 | 67.4 ± 22.2 | 69.6 ± 23.5 | 0.811 |
| Sodium (mg/dL) | 139.8 ± 2.7 | 140.2 ± 2.6 | 139.4 ± 2.5 | 140.0 ± 3.1 | 0.056 |
| Haemoglobin (mg/dL) | 14.0 ± 1.6 | 13.9 ± 1.9 | 13.9 ± 1.7 | 13.9 ± 1.7 | 0.917 |
| Blood glucose fasting (mg/dL) | 109.5 ± 35.8 | 116.6 ± 55.2 | 117.5 ± 55.6 | 110.9 ± 56.2 | 0.366 |
| Glycated haemoglobin (n = 269) | 6.2 ± 1.2 | 6.5 ± 1.7 | 6.7 ± 1.8 | 6.5 ± 1.6 | 0.111 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 70.5 (28.8–179.5) | 107.5 (40.5–249.0) | 165.0 (67.0–359.5) | 350.5 (127.5–980.3) * | <0.001 |
BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; HF, heart failure; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic diameter; NYHA, New York Heart Association; RV, right ventricle.
ANOVA post‐hoc test Dunnet lowest quartile as reference.
*
Variables with P < 0.05.