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. 2020 Jul 22;9(3):82–95. doi: 10.1007/s13665-020-00251-1

Table 2.

Examples of PET tracers

Tracer Description of process targeted Indications Features
18F-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) Glucose transporter—accumulation indicates increased metabolic activity in the cells Broad spectrum of indications, including numerous malignancies, infection/inflammation, metabolic brain imaging Nonspecific glucose metabolism indicator
18F-Fluorodeoxy-L-thymidine (FLT) Proliferation marker Multiple malignancies Does not accumulate in inflammation; improved accuracy and specificity compared with FDG
L-methyl-C11-methionine Protein metabolism Multiple malignancies Does not accumulate in inflammation; may be more specific and sensitive compared with FDG
68Ga-tetraazacyclododecantetraacetic acid (DOTA) peptides (DOTATOC, DOTANOC, DOTATATE) Somatostatin analogs

Neuroendocrine tumors

(NET)

Evaluation of fibrosis

Independent on cellular metabolism.

Can be used in conjunction with Lu-177 therapy

18F-dihydroxyphenylalanine (FDOPA) Amino acid analog Neuroendocrine tumors, especially medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and paraganglioma Specific, good tumor to background ratio

18F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO)

64Cu methylthiosemicarbazone (ATSM)

Tumor hypoxia

Lung cancer

Head and neck cancer.

Potential role in radiotherapy planning
11C-Erlotinib Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) Pancreatic cancer C-11 is cyclotron produced with short half-life which limits its clinical utility
18F-Fluoro-17-β-estradiol (FES) Estrogen receptor Breast cancer

11C-Choline

18F-Choline

Choline transporter—phospholipid synthesis

Integrates into the cell walls of proliferating cells

Prostate cancer

Evaluated for differentiating lung cancer from tuberculosis

Parathyroid localization

Marker of rapidly proliferating cells, nonspecific for many tumors
18F-Fluciclovine (Axumin) Amino acid transporters Metastatic prostate cancer Improved visualization of the pelvis and abdomen
64Cu-NOTA-ramucirumab antibody (-RamAb) Antibody binding to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) Detection and therapy monitoring of VEGFR-2-positive malignancies Preclinical

p-SCN-Bn-NOTA 2-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid