Table 1.
Meta-analysis seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in the global and regional population of pregnant women.
| Prevalence | 95% confidence interval | 95% prediction interval | N studies | Sample | Heterogeneity | Egger test, p value | Difference, p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 | p value | ||||||||
| Immunoglobulins M | |||||||||
| Global | 1.9 | 1.7–2.3 | 0.0–7.2 | 173 | 464,162 | 97.7 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| Low risk of bias | 1.8 | 1.4–2.2 | 0.0–6.9 | 95 | 328,855 | 98.1 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| WHO Regions | |||||||||
| Eastern Mediterranean | 4.1 | 2.8–5.5 | 0.0–15.7 | 36 | 14,080 | 93.6 | < 0.0001 | 0.356 | < 0.0001 |
| Africa | 2.9 | 1.7–4.3 | 0.0–12.0 | 22 | 8,128 | 91.1 | < 0.0001 | 0.547 | |
| South-East Asia | 2.1 | 0.9–3.8 | 0.0–12.8 | 17 | 12,432 | 95.7 | < 0.0001 | 0.003 | |
| Western Pacific | 1.6 | 1.0–2.3 | 0.0–6.0 | 22 | 32,912 | 94.6 | < 0.0001 | 0.589 | |
| Europe | 1.2 | 0.8–1.8 | 0.0–6.5 | 39 | 148,050 | 98.6 | < 0.0001 | 0.306 | |
| Americas | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | 0.0–3.4 | 37 | 248,560 | 96.8 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| Country level of income | |||||||||
| Low | 2.4 | 1.1–4.3 | 0.0–13.1 | 14 | 4,890 | 92.3 | < 0.0001 | 0.703 | 0.004 |
| Lower-middle | 4.5 | 2.6–6.8 | 0.0–20.3 | 25 | 9,430 | 95.3 | < 0.0001 | 0.154 | |
| Upper-middle | 1.7 | 1.4–2.0 | 0.0–5.5 | 96 | 192,305 | 95.6 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| High | 1.4 | 0.9–2.0 | 0.0–6.2 | 38 | 257,537 | 98.9 | < 0.0001 | 0.012 | |
| Year of study | |||||||||
| ≤ 2000 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.5 | 0.0–3.8 | 32 | 244,296 | 97.7 | < 0.0001 | 0.0007 | < 0.0001 |
| > 2000 | 2.2 | 1.8–2.5 | 0.0–8.1 | 141 | 219,866 | 96.7 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| Immunoglobulins G | |||||||||
| Global | 32.9 | 29.4–36.4 | 0.1–86.8 | 234 | 520,360 | 99.9 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| Low risk of bias | 35.8 | 31.5–40.2 | 1.2–84.8 | 133 | 350,927 | 99.9 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| WHO regions | |||||||||
| Americas | 45.2 | 33.4–57.3 | 0.0–100 | 47 | 181,421 | 100.0 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 39.7 | 34.5–45.0 | 9.2–75.6 | 46 | 26,494 | 98.7 | < 0.0001 | 0.033 | |
| Africa | 36.5 | 27.5–46.0 | 0.1–90.0 | 35 | 11,658 | 99.1 | < 0.0001 | 0.627 | |
| Europe | 30.0 | 26.2–33.9 | 5.6–63.4 | 63 | 248,065 | 99.8 | < 0.0001 | 0.010 | |
| South-East Asia | 24.6 | 19.4–30.2 | 5.4–51.7 | 17 | 8,751 | 96.9 | < 0.0001 | 0.551 | |
| Western Pacific | 11.2 | 7.8–15.1 | 0.0–37.0 | 26 | 43,917 | 99.3 | < 0.0001 | 0.286 | |
| Country level of income | |||||||||
| Low | 38.3 | 26.2–51.1 | 0.0–93.4 | 21 | 7,124 | 99.2 | < 0.0001 | 0.057 | 0.017 |
| Lower-middle | 30.9 | 25.4–36.7 | 4.7–67.1 | 34 | 15,896 | 98.2 | < 0.0001 | 0.080 | |
| Upper-middle | 36.6 | 31.1–42.3 | 0.0–92.5 | 120 | 242,132 | 99.9 | < 0.0001 | 0.0008 | |
| High | 25.0 | 19.9–30.3 | 0.2–70.7 | 59 | 255,208 | 99.9 | < 0.0001 | 0.0004 | |
| Year of study | |||||||||
| ≤ 2000 | 30.0 | 22.4–38.1 | 0.0–85.9 | 46 | 194,874 | 99.9 | < 0.0001 | 0.0006 | 0.415 |
| > 2000 | 33.6 | 29.9–37.5 | 0.3–85.1 | 188 | 325,486 | 99.8 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |