Table 2.
No. | Author | Design | Threshold Gene | Age* | Clinical severity | Reported Treatment | Size | Sampling Location | 2 consecutive negatives Day -1 |
2 consecutive negatives Last positive |
Recurrence Day -1 |
Recurrence Last positive |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||||||
1 | Cai J. [5] | Case series | Ct > 35 ORF1ab,N |
6•5 | Mild | NS | 10 | Nasopharyngeal | 12•0 | 4•8 | ||||||
6 | Stool | 20•0 | 6•5 | |||||||||||||
2 | Caly [33] | Case series | NS | 58•0 | Moderate | None | 1 | Nasopharyngeal | 11•0 | NA | 8•0 | NA | ||||
1 | Sputum | 12•0 | NA | 12•0 | NA | |||||||||||
3 | Chang [6] | Case series | NS | 35•5 | Mild | aIFN, L/R or other AVs | 16 | Throat | 8•6 | 3•8 | ||||||
4 | Chen [17] | RS | Ct ≥ 37 ORF1ab, N |
39•0 | Moderate | NS | 16 | Pharyngeal | 10•9 | 4•9 | 8•3 | 3•9 | 12.6 | 6.7 | 11.0 | 6.5 |
9 | Faeces | 16•2 | 7•2 | 12•2 | 4•9 | 19.2 | 9.4 | 15.1 | 5.8 | |||||||
14 | Sputum | 26•2 | 13•9 | 24•9 | 13•4 | 30•6 | 14•0 | 30•1 | 13•6 | |||||||
Severe | 2 | Pharyngeal | 23•0 | 9•9 | 18•5 | 4•9 | 23•0 | 9•9 | 19•5 | 4•9 | ||||||
2 | Sputum | 31•5 | 24•7 | 29•0 | 25•5 | 28•0 | 15•6 | 37•0 | 13•5 | |||||||
6•5 | Mild | 2 | Faeces | 12•5 | 2•1 | 12•5 | 2•1 | 12•5 | 2•1 | 12•5 | 2•1 | |||||
3 | Pharyngeal | 7•7 | 1•2 | 4•0 | 3•0 | 7•7 | 1•2 | 4•0 | 3•0 | |||||||
1 | Sputum | 13•0 | NA | 12•0 | NA | |||||||||||
Moderate | 1 | Faeces | 9•0 | NA | 9•0 | NA | ||||||||||
1 | Pharyngeal | 8•0 | NA | 6•0 | NA | |||||||||||
5 | Chen [31] | Case series | NS | 46•0 | Moderate | NS | 1 | Oropharyngeal | 11•0 | NA | 8•0 | NA | 19•0 | NA | 17•0 | NA |
6 | Cheng [34] | Case series | TCDC | 55•0 | Moderate | NS | 1 | Sputum | 15•0 | NA | 14•0 | NA | ||||
1 | Oropharyngeal | 19•0 | NA | 10•0 | NA | |||||||||||
7 | Colavita [29] | Case series | Ct > 45 ND |
65•0 | Mild | NS | 1 | Nasal | 20•0 | NA | 16•0 | NA | ||||
1 | Ocular | 27 | NA | |||||||||||||
8 | Grace Lui [20] | Prospective Cohort Study | < 694 copies/mL; Ct > 39•9 N |
58•0 | Mild | L/R | 1 | Nasopharyngeal | 10•0 | NA | 8•0 | NA | ||||
1 | Stool | 7•0 | NA | 7•0 | NA | |||||||||||
Moderate | 5 | Nasopharyngeal | 14•6 | 5•6 | 14•0 | 5•8 | ||||||||||
1 | Plasma | 5•0 | NA | 3•0 | NA | |||||||||||
5 | Stool | 12•2 | 4•1 | 10•6 | 2•6 | |||||||||||
2 | Tracheal aspirate/Sputum | 20•5 | 0•7 | 20•5 | 0•7 | |||||||||||
Severe | 5 | Nasopharyngeal | 15•4 | 5•7 | 13•0 | 4•5 | 16•8 | 8•3 | 14•6 | 9•2 | ||||||
1 | Plasma | 16•0 | NA | 14•0 | 5•9 | 15•7 | 6•8 | 14•3 | 6•8 | |||||||
5 | Stool | 18•6 | 2•5 | 18•6 | 7•8 | |||||||||||
5 | Tracheal aspirate/Sputum | 22•6 | 5•0 | 21•6 | 4•9 | |||||||||||
9 | Han [21] | Case series | [35] | 44•0 | Mild | NS | 22 | Sputum | 38•4 | 8•8 | ||||||
10 | Holshue [36] | Case series | CDC | 35•0 | Moderate | NS | 1 | Oropharyngeal | 10•0 | NA | ||||||
1 | Nasopharyngeal | 11•0 | NA | |||||||||||||
11 | Hu [15] | Case series | Ct > 38 ORF1ab, N | 28•0 | Mild | NS | 3 | Nasopharyngeal | 11•7 | 2•3 | 11•0 | 2•6 | ||||
3 | Anal | 18•3 | 8•4 | 18•0 | 8•4 | |||||||||||
12 | Hu [23] | RS | NS, ORF1ab, N |
53•0 | Mild | aIFN | 4 | Pharyngeal | 10•5 | 6•0 | 10•0 | 6•4 | ||||
10•0 | 1 | Pharyngeal | 12•0 | NA | 11•0 | NA | ||||||||||
13 | Huang [22] | RS | Ct > 40 ORF1ab, N | 59•5 | Severe | Mechanic ventilation | 13 | Anal swab/ Faeces | 24•6 | 11•4 | 24•2 | 11•7 | 29•7 | 12•3 | 28•7 | 12•2 |
12 | Nasal swab | 21•0 | 8•9 | 20•9 | 8•7 | 21•8 | 11•0 | 22•8 | 11•0 | |||||||
2 | Blood | 10•5 | 0•7 | |||||||||||||
9 | Throat | 20•6 | 9•4 | 19•7 | 9•4 | 20•6 | 9•4 | 19•8 | 9•4 | |||||||
16 | Sputum | 25•4 | 8•8 | 25•1 | 8•8 | 33•53 | 12•3 | 33•2 | 12•4 | |||||||
14 | Kujawski [24],+ | Case series | NS | 53•0 | Mild | None | 10 | Oro/Naso-pharyngeal# | 18•1 | 4•8 | 17•3 | 5•2 | ||||
2 | Stool | 20•0 | 0 | 17•0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Severe | None | 3 | Stool | 20•0 | 4•0 | 17•3 | 5•8 | |||||||||
8 | Oro/Naso-pharyngeal# | 16•9 | 7•1 | 13•5 | 4•3 | |||||||||||
Remdesivir | 2 | Stool | 13•0 | 1•4 | 9•0 | 4•2 | ||||||||||
6 | Oro/Naso-pharyngeal# | 11•8 | 9•7 | 9•8 | 7•3 | |||||||||||
15 | Lee [37] | Case series | NA, RdRp, E, N |
46•0 | Moderate | AV | 1 | Oropharyngeal | 19•0 | NA | 6•0 | NA | ||||
1 | Nasopharyngeal | 18•0 | NA | 18•0 | NA | |||||||||||
16 | Lescure [25] | Case series | < 101 copies/mL, RdRP-IP1, RdRp, E |
38•5 | Mild | None | 4 | Nasopharyngeal | 8•6 | 0•6 | ||||||
2 | Stool | 16•5 | 3•5 | |||||||||||||
80•0 | Severe | Remdesivir | 1 | Blood | 15 | NA | ||||||||||
1 | Nasopharyngeal | 24•0 | NA | |||||||||||||
17 | Lim [30] | Case series | NS | 54•0 | Mild | L/R + other | 1 | Sputum | 10•0 | NA | 10•0 | NA | 16•0 | NA | 16•0 | NA |
18 | Liu [19] | Case series | Ct > 43 E, RdRP, N |
42•5 | Mild | L/R + aIFN | 5 | Nasal/Throat | 12•4 | 3•8 | ||||||
Severe | 5 | Nasal Throat | 12•2 | 6•5 | ||||||||||||
19 | Marchand-Senéca [38] | Case series | Ct ≥ 40 RdRp, E, N, ORF3a |
56•0 | Moderate | NS | 1 | Mid-turbinate | 8•0 | NA | ||||||
1 | Throat | 6•0 | NA | |||||||||||||
1 | Nasopharyngeal | 22•0 | NA | |||||||||||||
20 | Pongpirul [14] | Case series | WHO | 61•0 | Mild | Antimicrobials | 11 | Oro/naso-pharyngeal | 16•5 | 9•3 | ||||||
21 | Scott [39] | Case series | CDC | 26•0 | Mild | None | 1 | Nasopharyngeal | 18•0 | NA | ||||||
1 | Sputum | 8 | NA | |||||||||||||
1 | Oropharyngeal | 16•0 | NA | |||||||||||||
22 | Tan [26] | RS | NS | 7•0 | Mild | NS | 3 | Throat | 15•0 | 1•7 | 14•3 | 1•2 | ||||
Moderate | 2 | Stool | 17•5 | 7•8 | 16•5 | 5•0 | ||||||||||
4 | Throat | 14•5 | 6•0 | 13•5 | 6•0 | |||||||||||
23 | Tan [40] | Case series | Ct = 45 ORF1 |
73•0 | Severe | Yes, NS | 1 | Throat | 15•0 | NA | ||||||
1 | Rectal | 22•0 | NA | |||||||||||||
24 | Thevarajan[41] | Case series | Ct ≥ 45 E |
47•0 | Moderate | NS | 1 | Nasopharyngeal | 6•0 | NA | ||||||
1 | Faeces | 6•0 | NA | |||||||||||||
1 | Faeces | 6•0 | NA | |||||||||||||
25 | Woelfel [7] | Case series | < 102 copies/mL E, RdRp |
Adult NS |
Mild | None | 8 | Stool | 15•3 | 7•0 | ||||||
9 | Sputum | 16•9 | 4•9 | |||||||||||||
9 | Oro/naso-pharyngeal | 11•2 | 3•4 | |||||||||||||
26 | Wu [8] | Case series | NS N, E |
41 (mean) |
Moderate | AV (88%), aIFN (12%) | 33 | Throat | 15•2 | 5•9 | ||||||
33 | Faeces | 26•7 | 12•3 | |||||||||||||
27 | Xu [16] | Prospective Obser-vational Study | Ct > 40 ORFab1 N |
|
Mild | aIFN | 7 | Nasopharyngeal | 5•7 | 4•7 | 4•3 | 4•8 | ||||
6 | Rectal | 16•7 | 6•0 | 16•5 | 6•3 | |||||||||||
28 | Young [9] | Case series | Ct > 38 N, S, ORF1ab |
37•0 | Mild | None | 12 | Nasopharyngeal | 15•2 | 5•5 | 14•9 | 5•7 | 15•4 | 5•4 | 15•3 | 5•5 |
3 | Stool | 6•7 | 0•6 | |||||||||||||
56•0 | Moderate | L/R (5/6) | 1 | Stool | 8•0 | NA | ||||||||||
4 | Nasopharyngeal | 7•0 | 5•3 | 6•0 | 5•6 | 9•8 | 5•3 | 9•0 | 5•9 | |||||||
Severe | 1 | Blood | 13 | NA | ||||||||||||
2 | Nasopharyngeal | 18•0 | 11•3 | 18•0 | 11•3 | 20•0 | 8•5 | 20•0 | 8•5 | |||||||
29 | Yu [10] | RS | < 25 copies/mL | 37•0 | Mild | NS | 17 | Nasopharyngeal | 15•1 | 5•0 | 15•0 | 5•0 | ||||
30 | Zhang [11] | Case series | CDC China | 8•0 | Mild | aIFN | 3 | Throat | 17•0 | 6•1 | ||||||
31 | Zheng [12] | RS | < 1000 copies/mL ORFab1 |
47•5 | Mild | aIFN, L/R, arbidol, favipiravir, darunavir-cobicistat | 21 | Sputum/saliva | 17•0 | 10•0 | ||||||
7 | Blood | 17•1 | 10•4 | |||||||||||||
13 | Stool | 21•8 | 8•3 | |||||||||||||
57•0 | Severe | 73 | Sputum/saliva | 22•8 | 10•8 | |||||||||||
34 | Blood | 17•5 | 7•3 | |||||||||||||
40 | Stool | 25•3 | 12•0 | |||||||||||||
32 | Zhou [18] | Case series | CDC China | 58•0 | Severe | NS | 41 | Throat | 30•8 | 8•7 | ||||||
33 | Zou [13] | Case series | Ct ≥ 40 N, Orf1b |
59•0 | Mild | NS | 12 | Nasal | 8•6 | 3•7 | 8•2 | 3•4 | 9•2 | 5•0 | 9•0 | 5•1 |
10 | Throat | 7•0 | 3•9 | 6•6 | 3•4 | 8•1 | 4•3 | 7•6 | 3•9 | |||||||
Severe | 3 | Nasal | 10•3 | 3•8 | 10•3 | 3•8 | 12•0 | 1•0 | 12•0 | 1•0 | ||||||
3 | Throat | 9•3 | 4•5 | 9•3 | 4•5 | 13•0 | 1•7 | 13•0 | 1•7 |
Blank cells apply if sampling was daily (value of Day -1 equals value of last positive) or no recurrence occurred. Samples that were not tested positive are excluded in this overview.
aIFN: Alpha Interferon, AV: Antiviral, CDC: Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CT: Threshold Cycle, E: Envelope, L/R: Lopinavir/Ritonavir, N: Truncated nucleocapsid, NA: Not applicable, ND: Not determined, NS: Not specified, ORF = Open reading frame, RdRp: RNA dependent RNA polymerase, RS: Retrospective, S: Spike, SD: Standard deviation, WHO: World health organization;
Age in years and displayed as median (if not otherwise specified),
Oro- and nasopharyngeal combined,
sputum samples from this study were excluded as the majority captured only one baseline sample.