Table 3.
Effect of D-glucose and apple vinegar on plasma lipid profile, liver function, kidney indices of toxicity, and plasma mineral element status.
| Biochemical parameters | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | |
| Plasma lipid profile | ||||||
| TC (mg/dL) | 42.5 ± 3.53 | 44 ± 1.41 | 55 ± 14.14 | 73.5 ± 2.12∗ | 60 ± 5.65 | 60 ± 4.24 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 54.5 ± 13.43 | 43.5 ± 2.12 | 73 ± 2.82 | 60 ± 15.55 | 48 ± 1.41 | 36 ± 11.31 |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 0.24 ± 0.4 | 0.21 ± 0.15 | 0.14 ± 0.01∗ | 0.14 ± 0.05∗ | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.005 |
| LDL-c (mg/dl) | 42.5 ± 0.70 | 44.5 ± 2.12 | 55.5 ± 4.94∗ | 52.5 ± 2.12∗ | 47 ± 1.41 | 46.5 ± 2.12 |
| Liver function | ||||||
| AST (U/L) | 109.5 ± 3.53+ | 119 ± 1.41 | 159.5 ± 7.77∗ | 174 ± 15.55∗ | 93.5 ± 7.77+ | 129 ± 12.79 |
| ALT (U/L) | 35 ± 2.82 | 20.5 ± 10.60 | 42.5 ± 3.53 | 50 ± 2.82 | 17.5 ± 2.12∗+ | 20 ± 9.89 |
| LDH (U/L) | 396.5 ± 10.60+ | 472 ± 84.85+ | 852.5 ± 24.93∗ | 665.5 ± 62.93∗ | 373.5 ± 38.89+ | 405 ± 17.9+ |
| Kidney indices of toxicity | ||||||
| Total proteins (mg/dL) | 56.5 ± 12.02 | 49.5 ± 3.53 | 51.5 ± 2.12 | 52.5 ± 2.12 | 60 ± 5.65 | 60 ± 4.24 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 0.31 ± 0.01++ | 0.37 ± 0.25+ | 0.39 ± 0.4∗∗ | 0.41 ± 0.15∗ | 0.25 ± 0.9∗+ | 0.27 ± 0.13∗+ |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 5 ± 1.41 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 6.5 ± 0.5 | 7 ± 1 | 6.5 ± 1.5 | 5.5 ± 0.5 |
| Plasma mineral element status | ||||||
| Ca2+ (mmol/L) | 20.5 ± 0.70+ | 19 ± 1.41+ | 64 ± 1.41∗ | 86.5 ± 9.19∗ | 96.5 ± 2.10∗+ | 82.5 ± 10.60∗ |
| Na2+ (mmol/L) | 140.5 ± 0.70 | 139.5 ± 0.70 | 128.5 ± 14.84 | 137.5 ± 2.13 | 141.5 ± 0.70 | 139 ± 0.1 |
| K+ (mmol/L) | 5.25 ± 0.05 | 5.05 ± 0.025 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1∗+ | 4.7 ± 0.2+ |
| Cl− (mmol/L) | 97 ± 2.82 | 101.5 ± 0.71 | 88.5 ± 2.12 | 106.5 ± 2.11 | 102.5 ± 0.69 | 102 ± 4.24 |
∗ p < 0.05 vs. group 1. +p < 0.05 vs. group 2.