Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristics | Total |
|---|---|
| Number of participants | 153,165 |
| Age (years) | 52.8 ± 8.3 |
| Male sex | 98,434 (64.3) |
| Income level | |
| Fifth quintile (highest) | 62,799 (41.0) |
| Fourth quintile | 30,365 (19.8) |
| Third quintile | 21,386 (14.0) |
| Second quintile | 18,872 (12.3) |
| First quintile (lowest) | 19,479 (12.7) |
| Covered by medical aid | 264 (0.2) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 2.8 |
| Alcohol intake | 73,523 (48.0) |
| Smoking status | |
| Nonsmoker | 100,075 (65.3) |
| Ex-smoker | 16,721 (10.9) |
| Current smoker | 36,369 (23.7) |
| Regular physical activity | 15,062 (9.8) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Hypertension | 52,257 (34.1) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14,799 (9.7) |
| Dyslipidemia | 25,234 (16.5) |
| Renal disease | 328 (0.2) |
| History of malignancy | 15,337 (10.0) |
| Blood pressure | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125.8 ± 16.6 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.8 ± 10.8 |
| Laboratory findings | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197.8 ± 36.1 |
| Fasting blood glucose level (mg/dL) | 97.9 ± 27.8 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 26.6 ± 16.1 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 25.9 ± 20.2 |
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 40.0 ± 56.1 |
| Proteinuria (≥1 + in dip stick test) | 4,948 (3.2) |
| Oral health status | |
| Presence of periodontal disease | 30,580 (20.0) |
| Number of tooth loss | |
| 0 | 115,483 (75.4) |
| 1–7 | 34,077 (22.2) |
| 8–14 | 2,147 (1.4) |
| ≥15 | 1,458 (1.0) |
| Oral hygiene care | |
| Dental clinic visits for any causes | 67,211 (43.9) |
| Frequency of tooth brushings (times/day) | |
| 0-1 | 21,382 (14.0) |
| 2 | 66,089 (43.1) |
| ≥3 | 65,694 (42.9) |
| Competent dental care | 40,177 (26.2) |
Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or n (%).