Table 2.
Risk of new-onset Parkinson's disease according to oral health disease and oral hygiene care.
| Event rate (%), (95% CI) | Unadjusted model | Multivariable adjusted (1) | Multivariable adjusted (2) | Multivariable adjusted (3) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Presence of periodontal disease | |||||||||
| No | 0.79 (0.74, 0.84) | 1 (ref) | 0.125 | 1 (ref) | 0.104 | 1 (ref) | 0.103 | 1 (ref) | 0.232 |
| Yes | 0.68 (0.59, 0.77) | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | 0.88 (0.76–1.03) | 0.88 (0.76–1.03) | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| Frequency of tooth brushings (times/day) | |||||||||
| 0-1 | 1.05 (0.93, 1.20) | 1 (ref) | 0.014 | 1 (ref) | 0.793 | 1 (ref) | 0.775 | 1 (ref) | 0.652 |
| 2 | 0.86 (0.79, 0.93) | 0.83 (0.71–0.96) | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) | 1.04 (0.89–1.21) | ||||
| ≥3 | 0.59 (0.53, 0.65) | 0.58 (0.50–0.69) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.78–1.10) | 0.370 | 0.93 (0.78–1.10) | 0.384 | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | 0.531 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | 0.267 | 0.277 | 0.399 | |||||
|
| |||||||||
| Dental clinic visits for any causes | |||||||||
| No | 0.83 (0.77, 0.89) | 1 (ref) | 0.008 | 1 (ref) | 0.169 | 1 (ref) | 0.180 | 1 (ref) | 0.640 |
| Yes | 0.70 (0.64, 0.76) | 0.86 (0.76–0.96) | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| Competent dental care | |||||||||
| No | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89) | 1 (ref) | <0.001 | 1 (ref) | 0.136 | 1 (ref) | 0.139 | 1 (ref) | 0.436 |
| Yes | 0.57 (0.50, 0.65) | 0.69 (0.60–0.80) | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| Number of tooth loss | |||||||||
| 0 | 0.70 (0.65, 0.75) | 1 (ref) | 0.083 | 1 (ref) | 0.789 | 1 (ref) | 0.754 | 1 (ref) | 0.765 |
| 1–7 | 0.80 (0.71, 0.90) | 1.13 (0.98–1.29) | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.98 (0.85–1.12) | 0.98 (0.85–1.12) | ||||
| 8–14 | 2.20 (1.66, 2.92) | 2.94 (2.20–3.93) | <0.001 | 1.34 (0.99–1.80) | 0.055 | 1.33 (0.99–1.79) | 0.059 | 1.32 (0.98–1.78) | 0.068 |
| ≥15 | 3.77 (2.88, 4.94) | 4.76 (3.60–6.29) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.05–1.87) | 0.022 | 1.39 (1.04–1.86) | 0.025 | 1.38 (1.03–1.85) | 0.029 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | 0.032 | 0.038 | 0.043 | |||||
Event rates were reported as 10-year event rates (%). Regression methods of Fine and Gray for competing risk data (death is a competing event for Parkinson's disease) were used. Multivariable model (1) was adjusted for age, sex, income level, regular physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking status, body mass index (kg/m2), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, renal disease, and history of malignancy. Multivariable model (2) was adjusted for the variables listed above as well as for systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose level, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, and proteinuria. Multivariable model (3) was adjusted for the variables listed above as well as for the presence of periodontal disease, frequency of tooth brushings, dental clinic visits for any causes, competent dental care, and the number of tooth loss except regarding the independent variable. CI, confidence interval and HR, hazard ratio.