Figure 5.

Hand-grip joint force and torque and kinematic data of the club. Each row shows the left (A–D) and right hand-grip joint force (E–H), acceleration of the club (I–L), left (M–P) and right hand-grip joint torque (Q–T), and the angular acceleration of the club (U–X), respectively. Each column shows the x, y, and z values and magnitude of each data at the club’s local coordinates. The force and torque act on the club, and all the data are the averages of driver swing data on all subjects. Two thin gray vertical lines indicate the backswing top and impact.